International Journal of Agricultural Technology

New natural dyes from red prickly pear produced by addition of metal ions and their application in textile.

2025-09-24T15:35:27+07:00

Sicily produces 94% of Italy's farmed crops. The tropical or subtropical plant Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. is cultivated in regions such as the Mediterranean and Central America is used to make the natural dye from the fruits of red prickly cactus pear trees. Where it constructs a good source for food. Betaline pigment extracted and used for synthesis of three new metal complex dyes by addition of bivalent metal ions as copper, cobalt and nickel. These dyes are used for dyeing wool fibers using microwave heating and conventional technique Investigations were conducted into the characteristics of the dyed wool fibers, including dye concentration, pH, color strength, color data, and fastness. The results demonstrated that wool fibres have good colour strength and fastness characteristics. The antibacterial action against a few harmful bacteria and fungus was indicated that the antimicrobial activity of the natural dyes was good results. The metal complex dyes from betaline extracted from red prickly were actively against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli.

Physiological performance of selected strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) as influenced by varying levels of nitrogen fertilizers.

2025-09-24T15:35:23+07:00

The result revealed that San Andreas cultivars prevailed on the physiological response like relative chlorophyll content while Honeoye variety gave a better in partitioning coefficient and dry matter yield. San Andreas prevailed in fruit and fruit yield aspect where it accumulated 12.53 in average fruit weight. San Andreas also dominated with 18.84 in weight of marketable fruit, total yield with 21.16, and an ROI of 16.78. T5 (RR + 100% N) was the highest ROI with 18.53 followed by T3 (RR + 50% N) with 16.25, T4 (RR + 75% N) with 15.29, T2 (RR + 25% N) with 12.40 and T1 (RR N) with 10.77, respectively. There was significantly identified on interaction between variety and nitrogen levels where it showed 14.65 result on the ROI. San Andreas variety in strawberry production in Claveria which is found to be favorable to the variety based on the relative chlorophyll content and its bigger yield compared to Honeoye.

Effectiveness of fermented and unfermented Chara corallina on growth ferformance and digestive enzyme activities in Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man 1879).

2025-09-24T15:35:21+07:00

Results showed the average daily growth, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and survival rate were not significantly different among the treatments (p>0.05). The highest survival rate was observed in the prawn fed a diet containing 30.0 % fermented Chara corallina added. Non-fermented C. corallina at 7.5% and 15.0% were significantly increased protease and cellulase activities, while both fermented and non-fermented forms led to a reduction in amylase activity. No significant changes were observed in lipase activity across all supplementation levels and forms. There was no significant interaction between algal fermention and inclusion levels on growth and survival rate (p>0.05). However, a significant interaction was found for protease, amylase and cellulase of freshwater prawn (p<0.05). According to this study, it can be concluded that C. corallina has the potential to substitute soybean meal protein in the diet of M. rosenbergii.

Comparative analysis of the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of organic Riceberry rice from different growing locations.

2025-09-24T15:34:41+07:00

The study revealed significant variations in the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of organic Riceberry rice cultivated in four districts of Kalasin, Thailand. Rice from Site 4 (Kham Muang) showed the highest antioxidant activities, with elevated values in DPPH radical scavenging (923.17 µg Trolox/g), FRAP (1001.39 µg FeSO₄/g), total phenolic content (816.26 µg GAE/g), and total anthocyanin content (51.86 g c3g/100g), indicating favorable conditions for phenolic compound biosynthesis. Conversely, rice from Site 3 (Khong Chai) had the highest amylose content (14.20%), resulting in lower peak viscosity and greater setback viscosity, which suggests increased starch retrogradation and firmer rice texture. Site 1 (Mueang) rice displayed the highest onset and peak gelatinization temperatures, indicating a more stable starch structure, while Site 4 had the highest peak viscosity (189.58 RVU) and breakdown, reflecting a starch with greater water absorption and gel-forming capacity. These variations are linked to differentiate in soil texture, drainage, and environmental factors, which affected the rice’s nutrient uptake, antioxidant activity, and starch properties.

Production of chlorophyll-rich powder from Moringa oleifera leaves using dehumidification and intermittent drying: impact on drying characteristics and chlorophyll retention.

2025-09-24T15:34:39+07:00

Results demonstrated that zeolite enhanced moisture removal efficiency, with significant reductions in moisture ratios which observed at higher temperatures. Specifically, at 40°C, the moisture ratio improved from 0.9175 to 0.8924, while at 80°C, it decreased from 0.8039 to 0.6275. Intermittent tempering further optimized moisture removal, achieving a moisture ratio of 0.4199 with a 20-minute tempering period at 60°C. The study employed the Henderson & Pabis model which achieved high predictive accuracy for drying characteristics. Notably, chlorophyll retention was maximized at lower temperatures and optimal tempering durations. Overall, this research underscored the potential of combining zeolite and intermittent drying techniques to enhance moisture removal and preserve chlorophyll, offering a practical solution for producing high-quality Moringa leaf powder in both small-scale and industrial settings.

Testing the advantages of six new hybrid chili pepper genotypes in the lowlands.

2025-09-24T15:34:35+07:00

According to the findings, UNIB C H23 outperformed the comparison varieties and the other tested hybrids. With a potential yield of 12.23 tonnes/ha, the UNIB C H23 hybrid is exhibited superiority in terms of growth (plant height, stem diameter, canopy width, and leaf length) and yield (flowering time, harvest age, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight per fruit, fruit weight per plant, and fruit weight per plot). It is shown that the lowest incidence and severity of Pepper Yellow Leaf Curf Virus (PYLCV) disease (15%). With a potential output of 8.18 tonnes/ha, UNIB C H63 it outperformed other cultivators in terms of growth (plant height, canopy width), yield (fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of fruits per plot), and disease severity (13%).

Characterization of Diaporthe batatas Harter & E.C. Field causing leaf spot in water spinach.

2025-09-24T15:34:33+07:00

Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) is important for its nutritional, economic, and environmental benefits. However, pathogen infections can impact its production. This study aimed to identify the fungal pathogen responsible for leaf spots on lowland water spinach. Infected leaves showed brown necrotic spots surrounded by yellow halos. Pathogenicity assays confirmed the virulence of the fungal pathogen WS1 in both lowland and upland water spinach. Through morphological, cultural, and molecular characterization, the pathogen was identified as Diaporthe batatas Harter & E.C. Field. Key characteristics of the fungal isolate included hyaline, septated, and branched hyphae, with conidia measuring 4.1 to 8.3 µm in length and 1.8 to 3.2 µm in width. The isolate displayed distinct growth patterns on various artificial media with transparent, flat, rhizoid mycelium on water agar; white, velvety mycelium with black pycnidia on malt extract agar and potato dextrose agar; and dark brown to black filamentous colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin genes matched reference sequences of D. batatas. The study identifies D. batatas as a fungal pathogen of water spinach.

Glucose content, viability and vigor four cucumber seed lots.

2025-09-24T15:34:31+07:00

This study assessed the viability, vigor, and soluble glucose content of four cucumber seed lots. The results revealed significant variations among seed lots, with Vanesa 2, Vanesa 3, and Vanesa 4 exhibiting higher vigor index, germination speed, and germination percentage compared to Venus 1. While a strong positive correlation was observed between glucose content and vigor, it was not statistically significant, indicating the potential involvement of other physiological factors. These findings suggested that glucose may serve as a biochemical indicator of seed quality.

Effect of κ-carrageenan film enriched with limonene extract and curcumin as an indicator of freshness.

2025-09-24T15:34:29+07:00

This research investigated the creation of κ-carrageenan films incorporating limonene raw extract and curcumin, aiming to serve as effective freshness indicators in food packaging. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy were employed for film analysis. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of characteristic functional groups including O–H, C–H, C=C, C–O, C–OH, sulphate esters, C=O stretching, and CO–O–SO₃ stretching vibrations. FESEM imaging demonstrated a homogeneous surface with a dense and compact structure. The films' functional efficacy was assessed using chicken meat as a model system. The addition of curcumin and limonene facilitated observable color alterations corresponding to meat freshness, confirming the film's utility as a freshness indicator. In addition to indicating spoilage, these natural additives conferred antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The study underscored the potential of biodegradable κ-carrageenan films fortified with natural bioactive compounds as sustainable packaging solutions. However, further research is recommended to optimize limonene and curcumin concentrations and to validate their performance across diverse food matrices, thereby ensuring their commercial viability.

Glutinous paddy land suitability under stress condition using multi-criteria AHP-GIS approach.

2025-09-24T15:35:25+07:00

The results indicated that the southern Java region is primarily classified as marginally suitable (S2), comprising 48.96% of the area (3,407.7 km²), followed by moderately suitable (S3) at 40.59% (2,825.3 km²). In contrast, the areas classified as not suitable (N) and highly suitable (S1) were relatively similar, comprising 5.55% (386.4 km²) and 4.90% (341.4 km²), respectively. Therefore, this region is presented a significant opportunity for cultivating glutinous rice, allowing for the productive use of less fertile land in Indonesia’s glutinous rice production.

Assessment of quality and safety at critical control points of cow's milk produced in Northern Mindanao

2025-09-24T15:34:26+07:00

Results showed that 60% of raw milk samples tested positive in Alcohol Precipitation Test, but confirmatory tests with Clot on Boiling proved the samples otherwise. Methylene Blue Reduction Test at the different critical control points rated very good implying their acceptability for processing. Physico-chemical tests indicated butterfat at 4.58%, Solid Non-Fat at 8.92%, protein at 3.52%, Lactose at 4.72%, and Brix at 9.2%. Organoleptic quality tests showed acceptable appearance, color, and sedimentation. However, microbial culture shows E. coli and Total Coliform Counts are present beyond the acceptable limits in processed flavored milk, but none in plain pasteurized milk. The fat, SNF, and lactose contents were beyond minimum standards, while the protein was a little below the acceptable limits. These results may be attributed to the farms’ compliance with the Risk Management Plan for milking required by the National Dairy Authority that ensured the production of safe and quality milk. Regular monitoring and evaluation with further tests for farm hygiene and sanitation with bacterial tests may be done in the future.

Comparison of permeable and water holding capacity between flat and steep soils.

2025-09-24T15:34:24+07:00

Permeability and water holding capacity are changes in land use type can lead to variations in soil water characteristics. Both soil characteristics are strongly related with other solusion such as the bulk density, soil porosity, and particle size characterized. Results showed that the soil porosity and soil holding capacity was higher at the flat than in the steeper sites, and there was not significantly differed between the latter two sites, the trend of porosity was similar to the holding capacity. From flat to steep lands, the soil physical properties in the 0-10 cm soil layer partially improved, bulk density, soil porosity and texture were significantly higher at the flat than at the steep sites. Soil texture, porosity and bulk density were found to be the key factors affecting soil porosity and water holding capacity. The results provided insight into the effects of vegetation restoration on local hydrological resources and can inform soil water management and land use planning on the regional.

A new record of Auricularia thailandica in Vietnam and its biological characteristics.

2025-09-24T15:34:22+07:00

A new record of Auricularia thailandica was archived and described from the Langbiang World Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. The new record is foundto be a very likely to be in the same clade as in Thailand and China vouchers based on its gelatinous basidioma, pinkish-brown to reddish-brown pileus, and short, loose hairs on the abhymenium. These features, along with phylogenetic analyses using the combined ITS-nrLSU marker, strongly support this placement. For the cultivation, the suitable medium was YMB, and the optimal temperature and pH were 30^oC and pH 5. Rubber sawdust supplemented with other nutrients was found to be suitable for forming fruiting bodies of A. thailandica with a biological efficiency of 16%.

Fungal community dynamics in vermicomposting systems: A metagenomic analysis.

2025-09-24T15:34:20+07:00

The results indicated the highest species diversity in vermicompost, with a Shannon diversity index (D index) of 5.2645, encompassing a total of 55 fungal species. In contrast, the gut of Perionyx sp. 1 and the vermicomposting liquid exhibited a D index of 4.4563 (50 fungal species) and 2.3183 (24 fungal species), respectively. In terms of evenness, vermicompost achieved the highest score, with an evenness index (E index) of 0.9456. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) diagram revealed overlapping fungal species among the three samples within the vermicomposting system, represented by PC1 and PC2, accounting for 75.07% and 15.14% of the variance, respectively. The analysis showed that the gut of Perionyx sp. 1 and vermicompost shared 25 species, while there were 9 shared species between the gut and the vermicomposting liquid. Conversely, the vermicompost and vermicomposting liquid exhibited only 7 common species. The overall similarity among the three samples in the vermicomposting system was limited to 4 fungal species: Aspergillus flavus, A. penicillioides, Candida tropicalis, and Nigrospora oryzae. Notably, C. tropicalis demonstrated the highest percentage of species richness, comprising 28.41%, while N. oryzae achieved the best scores in both vermicompost (0.31%) and vermicomposting liquid (3.43%).

Physicochemical, nutritional and oxalate concentration of taro tubers grown in North Sumatera, Indonesia: effect of blanching and cooking treatments.

2025-09-24T15:34:18+07:00

The presence of anti-nutrients is considered unfavourable to consumers as they limit the utilization of nutrients present in foods when eaten by the consumers. Oxalate is among the most common anti-nutrients found in many agricultural products. This study investigated the effects of soaking in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and boiling treatment on the physicochemical properties, nutrients and oxalate content in taro tuber samples grown in North Sumatera, Indonesia. The data showed that the physicochemical properties (colour and pH) of the samples were not significantly impacted by both treatments. From the aspect of proximate compositions, soaked samples did not vary significantly from the control. On the other hand, noticeable drop in the ash, protein, fat and fibre contents were observed in the boiled samples. Both soaked and boiled samples recorded higher carbohydrate contents than the corresponding control. The treatments led to a loss of 29.69% to 99.23% of total oxalates in the samples, with boiling treatment exhibiting the greatest effect. Moreover, both treatments showed positive correlation with the concentration of salt and treatment duration, where a higher concentration of NaCl and a longer duration resulted in a higher loss of oxalate. However, only T4 could be regarded as low-oxalate content Thus, further treatments need to be considered to lower the amount to a greater extent.

Exploring the therapeutic efficacy of ethanol extracts from Melia azedarach Linn. fruit-seeds against oxidative stress induced by melon flies on bitter melon.

2025-09-24T15:34:15+07:00

The application of ethanol extract of fruit-seeds Melia azedarach (FSMA) resulted in a significant, concentration-dependent reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels (p < 0.05), indicating a marked attenuation of oxidative stress. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that FSMA treatments, particularly at 125 and 652 ppm, significantly enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). A strong inverse correlation was observed between the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and the activities of these antioxidative enzymes, suggesting a mechanistic role of FSMA in modulating redox homeostasis. The findings underscore the efficacy of FSMA in mitigating oxidative damage through the activation of endogenous antioxidant defense systems. These results support the potential use of FSMA as a sustainable and natural alternative to synthetic pesticides, contributing to the development of eco-friendly strategies for oxidative stress management in agricultural systems.

Evaluation of the efficacy of ethanol extract from black shallot (Allium ascalonicum) in reducing oxidative stress and modulating immune response in a paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity mouse model.

2025-09-24T15:34:14+07:00

The protective effects of ethanol extract from black shallot (ESBA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against paracetamol (PARA)-induced nephrotoxicity in mice were investigated. Notable changes in body weight, relative kidney weight, and kidney structure were observed, with the normal group exhibiting the highest body weight (40.34 ± 0.42 g) (p < 0.05) and the lowest relative kidney weight (28.61 ± 0.23%) (p < 0.05). In contrast, the PARA group showed reduced body weight (27.66 ± 0.46 g) (p < 0.05) and increased relative kidney weight (68.99 ± 0.82%) (p < 0.05). Treatment with NAC and ESBA improved these parameters, with the PARA+NAC and PARA+ESBA400 groups approaching normal values. Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were significantly elevated in the PARA group (p < 0.05), indicating oxidative stress, while NAC and ESBA supplementation effectively reduced these levels across all tissues (p<0.05). Analysis of glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) revealed higher levels in the normal group compared to the PARA group (p < 0.05), with NAC and ESBA restoring GSH and TAC levels (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also significantly improved with treatment (p < 0.05). Additionally, immunomodulatory effects were observed, as evidenced by changes in white blood cell count, nitroblue tetrazolium positivity, and total immunoglobulin levels (p < 0.05). ESBA treatment notably restored immune function by decreasing inflammation markers and enhancing phagocytic activity (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that NAC and ESBA exhibit protective effects against PARA-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Morphological diversity of banana (Musa sp.) accessions collected from Bengkulu Province, Indonesia.

2025-09-24T15:34:11+07:00

Local banana germplasm accessions of Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, were studied to elucidate their similarity based on morphological performances using multivariate techniques. Low to medium correlation coefficients were found among 13 morphological characters of bananas, indicating that those traits are independent in nature. To facilitate interpretation of the results of principal component analysis, three PCAs, explaining 44.5% of the variability of the accessions, were adopted. PCA1 is characterized by pseudostem height, leaf blade length and peduncle length PCA2 is characterized by pseudostem color, bract apex shape, number of fruits and fruit length while PCA3 is characterized by peduncle length, fruit position, fruit length and immature fruit peel color. Using the three PCAs as the basis for clustering, the accessions can be grouped into four clusters to set apart their main habitats.

Temporal and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton in the Palian river, Trang province, southern west coast of Thailand.

2025-09-24T15:34:10+07:00

A study on species compositions, distribution of phytoplankton and water quality in the Palian river, Trang province was carried out. The results showed that a total of 82 phytoplankton species were which diatom was dominant in both season. The total cell density of 20,504 unit/L was found in summer, highest in Palian estuary. The dominant species found in the summer were Cyclotella sp., Thalassiosira sp., Chaetoceros diversus, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Bellerochea horologicalis, Thalassionema frauenfeldii, Thalassionema nitzschioides. And the total cell density of 20,138 unit/L was found in rainy season highest in Palian estuary. The dominant species found in the rainy season were Oscillatoria thiebautii, Amphora sp., Pleurosigma sp. and Bacillaria paxillifer. The concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate-phosphorus were higher in summer season (0.056±0.014, 0.081±0.045 and 0.082±0.011 mg/L, respectively). The diversity index, evenness index and richness index were in the range of 2.460-3.720, 0.344-0.506, and 1.279-2.135, respectively. The results can be used to evaluate primary production, including the production of aquatic animals in water sources which is used as an index to measure the abundance of the water source ecosystem in the Palian river, Trang province.

Total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and agromorphological diversity of butterfly pea accessions in Bengkulu, Indonesia.

2025-09-24T15:34:08+07:00

The results showed that the three accessions of Clitoria ternatea had phenotypic diversity of flowers and flower colors, namely dark blue-double petal (CTE_002), light blue-single petal (CTE_006), and light purple-single petal (CTE_013. In addition, the three accessions of Clitoria ternatea also had total monomeric anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content determined in the ethanol extract of the sample. Accession CTE_002 with dark blue-double petals had a total monomeric anthocyanin, phenolic, and flavonoid content of 56.76 ± 1.32 mg/l. 40.82±1.40mg GAE/g DW, and 4.76±0.72 mg QE/g DW. Variability in the anthocyanin content of the three accessions was only found in flowers with values ranging from 12.38±0.33 - 56.76±1.32 mg/l. The phenolic content of the three accessions ranged from 33.38 ± 0.37 - 40.82 ± 1.40 mg GAE/g DW. This shows that the three clitoria ternatea accessions in Bengkulu Province have high phenolic content and extract yield. Therefore, this accession can be used commercially in the food and cosmetics industry and shows high potential for medicinal plant breeding programs.

Enhancing bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties: role of germination in rice.

2025-09-24T15:34:05+07:00

The germination time (24, 48, 72, or 96 hours) on the protein content, protein molecular weight, GABA, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in two rice varieties: Hom Mali 105 and Hom Nil were investigated. Based on the results, a germination time of 72 hours produced the highest levels of protein, GABA, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity in both varieties. The following were the values for Hom Mali 105 rice: protein content, 1.77 mg/100 g dry weight; protein molecular weight, 14.4–41.1 kDa; GABA, 254.81 mg/100 g dry weight; phenolic compounds, 258.73 mg/100 g dry weight; and antioxidant activity, 82.92%. The values for Hom Nil rice were protein content, 1.89 mg/100 g dry weight; protein molecular weight, 14.4–97.0 kDa; GABA, 409.79 mg/100 g dry weight; phenolic compounds, 313.59 mg/100 g dry weight; and antioxidant activity, 88.94%. These findings indicated that a germination period of 72 hours was optimal for enhancing the bioactive compound levels in germinated rice of both the Hom Mali 105 and Hom Nil varieties.

In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of endophytic fungal extracts from selected rice plant pathogens.

2025-09-24T15:34:03+07:00

Fungal endophytes are considered as natural bioactive reservoir that could be used as agents for antifungal activity. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link an invasive rice weed compete with plant resources but houses several essential endophytes. However, a notable gap exists since few to none were conducted regarding the use of fungal extracts isolated from the weed E. colonum. Thus, evaluation of fungal endophytes from weeds needs to be established that may lead to development of biocontrol agent against fungal pathogens. Therefore, extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of E. colonum were evaluated its antifungal activity against rice plant pathogens such as Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Aspergillus oryzae, Curvularia umbiliciformis, Curvularia chiangmaiensis, and Bipolaris panici-miliacei were successfully isolated from the leaves of E. colonum and were identified based on cultural, morphological and molecular data. Additionally, using morphological and cultural techniques, Aspergillus sp. was also identified as another endophyte. Identified fungi were fermented using solid state fermentation to obtain fungal extracts. The 50µL of endophytic fungal extracts were used and exhibited varying antifungal activities in the agar well diffusion method. Extracts from Aspergillus sp., and B. panici-miliacei showed absence to weak antifungal activity against different fungal rice pathogens. While, C. chiangmaiensis extracts showed weak (11.83 ± 0.06 mm) to comparable (30.83 ± 0.40 mm) antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. oxysporum after 48 hours of incubation. Among the four fungal extracts, C. umbiliciformis extracts showed antifungal activity against A. flavus (18.53±0.40 mm), F. oxysporum (11.23±0.15 mm), and R. solani (31.73 ± 1.00 mm), and A. oryzae (36.77 ± 4.89 mm) after 48 hours of observation. Furthermore, statistics revealed that C. umbiliciformis extract showed comparable antifungal activity against R. solani. Therefore, fungal endophytic extracts can be expressed as a good source of antifungal agent against selected rice pathogen.

Antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting activity of Bacillus subtilis isolated from mangrove soil.

2025-09-24T15:34:01+07:00

Bacillus subtilis strain was isolated from mangrove soil and evaluated for its biocontrol and plant growth-promoting potential. The strain exhibited key traits including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, biofilm formation, and tolerance to high salinity (up to 10% NaCl). It showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, inhibiting the growth of both fungal and bacterial pathogens. Antifungal activity was demonstrated using well-diffusion and dual-overlay assays, effectively suppressing Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Mucor mucedo. Antibacterial effects were observed against Escherichia coli, Bacillus albus, and Xanthomonas sp. The cell-free supernatant of the isolate significantly inhibited fungal spore germination, as confirmed by turbidity assays. LC-MS analysis of the supernatant revealed the presence of antimicrobial compounds, including palmitic acid derivatives, fatty acid amides, and pyridine-based molecules. Bio-priming wheat seeds with this Bacillus sp. led to enhanced seed germination and increased shoot and root lengths, especially under saline soil conditions. These findings highlight the potential of this mangrove-derived B. subtilis strain as a promising bioinoculant for sustainable agriculture, particularly in salt-affected environments.

Effect of composted plant based and animal derived materials on Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) performance in raised beds.

2025-09-24T15:33:58+07:00

The application of organic planting materials influenced the physicochemical properties of growing media and significantly affected the growth and yield of Chinese kale cultivated in raised beds. Composted animal manures, particularly porcine and poultry manure, provided higher nitrogen and phosphorus levels, enhancing vegetative growth. Among the plant-based materials, rain tree leaves contained the highest nitrogen content; however, high nitrogen alone did not guarantee optimal growth, emphasizing the importance of nutrient balance and physical media structure. Rice husk biochar improved porosity, bulk density, and water-holding capacity, yet failed to achieve the highest yield when applied alone. The combination of filter cake or old mushroom lumps with porcine manure led to superior plant height, stem diameter, canopy width, leaf number, and leaf size. These treatments also showed higher leaf greenness, highest fresh and dry biomass, and lower root-to-shoot ratios, reflecting efficient biomass allocation toward harvestable parts. Although plant-based and animal-based materials showed significant individual effects, their interaction was not statistically significant, suggesting additive rather than synergistic effects. The superior performance of magnesium-rich materials such as filter cake highlighted the role of magnesium in chlorophyll synthesis and leaf development. Overall, integrating nutrient-dense animal manures with structurally beneficial plant-based materials improved the fertility and physical quality of growing media, resulting in enhanced growth and yield of Chinese kale. These findings demonstrated the potential of locally available organic resources, particularly combinations of porcine manure with filter cake or mushroom waste, as viable alternatives to chemical fertilizers for sustainable leafy vegetable production in raised bed systems.

Effects of vermicompost on growth and yield of Japonica rice (Koshihikari Var.) in Thailand.

2025-09-24T15:33:57+07:00

Significant differences were observed in plant height, number of tillers, and chlorophyll content. The 10% vermicompost treatment resulted in the tallest plants at 88 days. The combined vermicompost and chemical fertilizer treatment (T8) produced the highest number of tillers, though it did not differ significantly from the 20% vermicompost treatment (T4). Over time, vermicompost-amended treatments outperformed chemical fertilizer alone in most growth and yield parameters. Treatment 5 yielded the highest total seed count, while T4 resulted in the healthiest seeds and the greatest total fresh and dry seed weights. T4 also had the widest, longest, and thickest seeds, with a fivefold increase in total dry seed weight compared to the control. These findings strongly supported the application of vermicompost particularly at 10–30% for improved Japonica rice growth and yield, highlighting its potential for organic production systems.

Potency of some plant extracts as insect attractant in paddy field.

2025-09-24T15:33:55+07:00

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (family Delphacidae), rice green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens, and zigzag leafhopper, Recilia dorsalis (family Cicadellidae) were determined to be the highest percentage frequency of occurrence in each bottle trap containing each lure. The examined insect species in the rice field had increased the number of predictions toward the end of the study. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C₁₇H₃₄O₂) was found to be a common compound at this time for all plant extracts, and it could be further developed and used as an attractant for insect pests of rice paddy.

Fabrication of biogas production prototypes from cattle manure on smallholder farm into renewable energy in a balanced and sustainable manner.

2025-09-24T15:33:52+07:00

The result showed the amount of biogas which produced by the biogas production prototype, obtained from cattle manure fermentation averaged 0.058±0.02 m³ or 58 L and the monthly average was 1.74 m³. The biogas obtained from this prototype consisted of 2.88% nitrogen (N₂), 57.78% methane (CH₄), and 39.29% carbon dioxide (CO₂). The flame produced resulting by producing biogas revealed a reddish-blue color. The amount of CH₄ and biogas were varied to cattle feeds which related to manure property, and climate. The COD was significantly reduced by biogas production. There was a positive correlation between CH₄ and chemical compositions in terms of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose, hemicellulose, total carbohydrate (TCB), non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), and nitrogen free extract (NFE) of cattle manure. The smallholder farmers in the community of of Ban Noi Chom Sri Mai Village, Sakon Nakhon Province were trained how to use the prototype to produce biogas. It was found that the participants were able to understand the biogas production process. The participants were satisfied with the design and safety system of the biogas production prototype which had a gas storage tank, safety valve, pressure gauge, etc. The community was interested in applying it to other agricultural waste.

Exploring the physicochemical traits of diverse Cucurbita moschata D. pumpkin species cultivated in Vietnam.

2025-09-24T16:04:21+07:00

The results showed significant variations in size, shape, color, weight, and biological characteristics between pumpkin varieties cultivated in Vietnam. Proximate components varied due to different species, and pumpkin strands are a notable source of β-carotene compared to skin and pulps. Pumpkin seeds were found to be rich in oils (25.0-42.4% DW). The study suggested a promising application for Vietnamese pumpkin components in the food industry, particularly in the formulation of foods for infants, the elderly, and those requiring bioactive compounds.

Variation in morphological traits of Rubaru local shallots from Sumenep, Madura Island and its potential for future agricultural innovation.

2025-09-24T15:33:50+07:00

The results showed significant variability in traits such as bulb number and weight, which were influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Conversely, traits, including plant height and harvest age had genetic stability. The PCA results showed three principal components accounting for 80.92% of the total morphological variability. The components showed traits such as bulb size, weight, and plant growth attributes as key contributors to the observed diversity. The cluster analysis categorized the accessions based on morphological similarities, underscoring their potential for adaptation and selective breeding. The analysis results showed the importance of morphological diversity in supporting breeding innovations, optimizing land management practices, and promoting sustainable agriculture in challenging environments. These contributions addressed the critical needs such as climate resilience and food security. To build on such insights, further genetic examinations are recommended to complement morphological analysis presented in this research.

Cytogenetic insights into Katokkon pepper: an indigenous Capsicum from Tana Toraja, Indonesia.

2025-09-24T15:31:31+07:00

The Katokkon pepper, an indigenous variety from Tana Toraja, Indonesia is found to be hold a significant local value and is recognized for its antioxidant potential. This research presented the first cytogenetic analysis of the Katokkon pepper which revealed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 24, with predominantly metacentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula was determined to be 2n = 2x = 24 = 12m. The highest mitotic index (34.24%) was recorded at 07:00 a.m., indicating the peak of mitotic activity. These findings provided essential insights into the chromosomal structure and evolution of the Katokkon pepper, laying the groundwork for future breeding programs which enhances this unique variety.