International Journal of Agricultural Technology

AI-driven precision agriculture in Eurasia- coordinated innovation for belt and road agricultural transformationin

2025-12-12T13:42:01+07:00

International collaboration in AI based technologies in agriculture is essential factor to increase output and agriculture productivity. AI horizons/ alliance program aimed to increase awareness and accessibility of new agro markets and optimize supply routes in Eurasia. Precision agriculture is commonly used term that enables AI based instruments into practical agriculture works. Precision agriculture in Eurasia is undergoing a transformative wave powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and cross-border innovation. This article examines how AI-driven technologies including agro-drones for aerial crop monitoring, satellite-based NDVI analysis, image recognition for pest and disease detection, advanced weather forecasting models, and decision support systems – are being deployed across Great Eurasia and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries to boost agricultural productivity and sustainability. A particular focus is given to the Eurasian context countries like China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Russia and Thailand are leveraging AI to overcome climate and labor challenges, increase yields, and optimize resource use. The AI Horizons Alliance, a Sber-driven consortium, is highlighted as a coordinating body facilitating the exchange of AI technologies and expertise across borders. Real-world case studies demonstrate tangible benefits, such as up to 20% increases in crop yields, and 30% improvements in efficiency, and significant cost savings, achieved through AI-enabled precision farming. The article discusses the collaborative efforts under BRI frameworks, the integration of traditional knowledge with cutting-edge digital tools, and the role of international organizations in guiding this tech-driven agricultural transformation. Challenges from data sharing to capacity building are considered alongside prospects for broader adoption. The findings underscore that AI-driven precision agriculture, underpinned by coordinated Eurasian partnerships, holds to promise for enhancing food security and sustainable development across the region. It is a part of innovation organic agriculture.

Advances in understanding plant–microbe symbiosis in stressful environments

2025-12-12T13:41:59+07:00

In recent years, the interplay between plants and microbes has gained significant attention in understanding resilience mechanisms under stressful environmental conditions. Plant-microbe symbioses, including mycorrhizal associations and beneficial bacteria interactions, play crucial roles in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiency. Advances in molecular and genomic technologies have facilitated the exploration of these complex interactions, revealing the underlying genetic and biochemical pathways that mediate plant responses to stress. Studies have demonstrated that beneficial microbes can modulate plant hormone levels, activate stress-responsive genes, and enhance nutrient uptake, thereby improving growth and productivity in adverse conditions. Furthermore, the concept of the phytomicrobiome emphasizes the collective influence of microbial communities associated with plants, highlighting their dynamic and interactive nature. This review synthesizes recent findings on the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and their implications for agricultural sustainability in the face of climate change. By leveraging these insights, researchers aim to develop innovative strategies for enhancing crop resilience and productivity, ultimately contributing to food security. The integration of microbiome management in agricultural practices holds promise for improving crop performance under varying environmental stressors, paving the way for a new paradigm in sustainable agriculture.

Endophytic fungi in agriculture: Diversity, functions, and prospects for bioprotection.

2025-12-12T13:41:51+07:00

Endophytic fungi, residing within plant tissues without causing harm, play a pivotal role in agricultural ecosystems by enhancing plant health and resilience. This review explores the diverse taxa of endophytic fungi and their multifaceted functions, including promotion of plant growth, enhancement of nutrient uptake, and facilitation of stress tolerance against biotic and abiotic challenges. Through symbiotic interactions, these fungi can induce systemic resistance in plants, offering a natural alternative to chemical pesticides for the management of plant pathogens and pests. Recent advances in molecular techniques have unveiled the complex diversity of endophytic communities, revealing their ecological significance and potential for biotechnological applications. The integration of endophytic fungi into sustainable agricultural practices holds promise for bioprotection, contributing to food security while minimizing environmental impacts. This review discusses various strategies for harnessing the beneficial properties of endophytic fungi, including inoculation protocols and the selection of compatible plant-fungal combinations. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and prospects for future research, emphasizing the need for a greater understanding of the interactions between endophytes, host plants, and environmental factors. By leveraging the potential of endophytic fungi, agriculture can transition towards more resilient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly practices, paving the way for innovative solutions in crop management and protection.

Morphological characterization of Lanzones (Lansium domesticum) accessions at the fruit crops nursery, University of the Philippines Los Baños.

2025-12-12T13:41:49+07:00

This study evaluated the morphological and physiological traits of 29 lanzones (Lansium domesticum) accessions from four varieties: ‘Longkong’, ‘Duku’, ‘Mindanao’, and ‘Paete’. Most accessions exhibited verticillate and irregular branching, except ‘Longkong 3’, ‘Longkong 4’, and ‘Mindanao 1’, which showed pyramidal forms. All accessions had elliptic leaflets with broadly acuminate tips and cuneate bases, though leaflet size and area varied due to environmental factors such as light, soil type, and water availability. ‘Longkong’ accessions had the highest chlorophyll content, indicating greater photosynthetic efficiency and growth potential. In fruit morphology, ‘Duku’ produced the heaviest bunches, while ‘Longkong’ had more compact clusters. Taste differences were also observed, with ‘Paete’ being sweet to sour while ‘Longkong’ and ‘Duku’ mainly sweet. Significant variation occurred in fruit size, weight, peel thickness, aril characteristics, seed number, and total soluble solids. These variations are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, including parthenocarpy, apomixis, and natural hybridization. While vegetative traits were mostly similar, differences in physiological and fruit traits provide essential information for cultivar improvement and enhanced lanzones production.

Determining water flow efficiencies at Kah Pulo Geto primary irrigation channels, Bengkulu, Indonesia

2025-12-12T13:41:47+07:00

Unproperly functions from the irrigation channels and networks cause inefficiently water distribution to supply rice fields for the paddy growth demand. The results showed that the water loss from the primary canal with whole channel length of 800 m at Kah Pulo Geto Bengkulu around 13.76% and at the same time the water efficiency in this channel amounted to 86.24%, slightly below the theoretical efficiency limit value, 90%. From 10 primary canals, 7 canals conveyed water inefficient to next channel networks. The water loss resulting inefficiency water supplies in the irrigation canals were caused by seepage, 1.351 x 10^-4 m day^-1 while the water loss through evaporation was about 0.0207 mm sec^-1. Cracks and concrete damage occurrences causes the water seepage in the irrigation channel because of lack of maintenance.

Potential effect of root-associated bacteria from Origanum vulgare L. on wheat and tomato seedlings

2025-12-12T13:41:45+07:00

Medicinal plant root bacteria present multifunctionality and can act as important stimulator agents for their host plant. Eight strains recovered from the roots of Origanum vulgare L. medicinal plants growing in Ben Djerrah, Guelma, Algeria, were classified into the genera Bacillus, Burkholderia, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas. The functional traits for amylase, lipase, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production were detectedلin all strains, while 75% were positive for hydrolytic proteases. Particular emphasis is placed on strains EpB1 and EdB8, which were efficient enzyme producers and exhibited the highest IAA production (114.56±0.27 μg/ml and 114.06±0.44 μg/ml, respectively). There was a significant enhancement in the growth of wheat and tomato seeds pretreated with the isolates Bacillus cereus EpB1, Pseudomonas luteola EdB6, and Bacillus subtilis EdB8. They enhanced the seed germination rate, vigor index, and the shoot and root lengths and biomass of seedlings in comparison to the control. Accordingly, the epiphytic strain EpB1 and the endophytic strains EdB8 and EdB6 from Origanum vulgare L. roots could potentially be used as biofertilizers to manage wheat and tomato cultivation.

The effect of using chinese water chestnut flour to partially replace wheat flour in steamed cake (Pui Fai)

2025-12-12T13:41:43+07:00

Chinese water chestnut flour is used to replace some of the wheat flour in steamed cake (Pui Fai) The ratios of Chinese water chestnut flour to wheat flour were varied 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 respectively. The mixture of Chinese water chestnut flour to wheat flour was 20:80 which showed the moisture content value of 39.57%, water activity (a_w) value of 0.90, oven spring value of 3.83% compared to the control , hardness value of30.36 N, brightness (L^* value) of 88.20, redness/greenness (a^* value) of -0.58, and yellowness/blueness (b^* value) of 14.13.The average score for consumers' quality evaluation was 7.10 for appearance, 7.32 for color, 6.88 for flavor, 6.53 for odor, 7.25 for texture, 7.13 for taste, and 7.32 for overall preference.

Evaluation of plant-based protein products: Tempeh derived from the local edible freshwater alga, Chara corallina Willdenow on immune function, toxicity and antioxidant activity

2025-12-12T13:41:41+07:00

The findings demonstrated that a plant-based protein powder, tempeh derived from the freshwater alga Chara corallina (ATF-C), at 3.90–500 µg/mL showed no cytotoxicity, maintaining cell viability above 90%. It significantly promoted cell proliferation and upregulated mRNA expression of key antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)—within 62.5–500 µg/mL (p<0.05). Moreover, ATF-C enhanced nitrite production and phagocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Gene expression profiling revealed marked induction of immune-related markers, including Lysozyme M, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), across the same concentration range (p<0.05). Collectively, these findings demonstrated that ATF-C is not only safe but also exhibits promising antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Its dual role as an immune enhancer and antioxidant is provided a strong foundation for future applications in human health, particularly in immunity regulation and oxidative stress management.

Heavy metal distribution in water, sediments, and aquatic plants from the middle Songkhla Lagoon: Environmental risk and phytoremediation assessment

2025-12-12T13:41:38+07:00

This study investigated the distribution of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) in water, sediments, and two dominant aquatic plants—morning glory (Ipomoea aquatica) and water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea)—from the middle part of Songkhla Lagoon. Heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments were below national and international standards, indicating low contamination risk. Both concentrations of As and Pb in sediment had severe enrichment (EF > 15) at all stations, suggesting anthropogenic inputs. In contrast, geo-accumulation index (I_geo) values were negative, indicating unpolluted sediments and showing two-index differential sensitivity. In aquatic plants, heavy metals were mainly accumulated in roots, with significantly lower concentrations found in stems and leaves, especially for As and Pb. Morning glory showed greater root uptake of As and Pb than water mimosa, making it a better candidate for bioindication. Despite root accumulation, translocation factors (TF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were closed to zero for all stations and metals, confirming that metals did not effectively move into edible aerial tissues. This pathway from sediment to root, but not to leaf or stem, suggested that the edible parts of these plants remain relatively safe for consumption under current conditions. Low contamination levels in water and sediment limited metal transfer to upward plant parts, and environmental parameters (e.g., sediment pH, organic carbon, and particle size) supporting these species, particularly morning glory for rhizo-filtration and safe, sustainable use in brackish aquatic environments.

Evaluation of ear yield stability of organic sweet corn hybrids at different elevations in the humid tropical climate of Indonesia

2025-12-12T13:41:35+07:00

Yield trials are an important step in a breeding program to evaluate the performance of selected genotypes under various environments. In this study, the ear yield stability and adaptability of ten experimental sweet corn hybrids bred for organic production was estimated using the AMMI model. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the location effect (E) was a primary source of variation in ear yield (35%), followed by hybrid (G) and hybrid-location interaction (GEI) effects, which accounted for 27% and 16%, respectively. Among the tested locations, highland was identified as the most productive environment. However, the significant GEI effect suggests a possible inconsistency in the ear yield among the hybrids across elevations. Both the estimates of AMMI stability value (ASV) and yield stability index (YSI) indicate that the experimental hybrid from the cross of Caps-5 x Caps-22, as followed by check of commercial hybrid Paragon, could serve as the most suitable hybrids for organically growing sweet corn under different elevation in the humid tropical climate of Indonesia.

Development of in-vitro propagation technique for onion (Allium cepa L.) regeneration

2025-12-12T13:41:33+07:00

Tissue culture media with pH 5.0 resulted in the tallest plants for onion at 25.09 cm on Day 10 and maximum leaf count on Day 14, yet shoot proliferation was best observed at pH 6.5 with 2–3 shoots per plantlet. Thiamine supplementation always improved plant height, which was up to 17.33 cm, while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) triggered more shoot formation of 2–3 shoots on Day 14. The other hormones, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and kinetin, had moderate growth responses. Controlled environmental conditions also impacted plantlet showed the performance, with refrigerator conditions yielding plants of up to 20.76 cm on Day 21 and dark conditions eliciting the greatest elongation at 37.36 cm. Light exposure, by contrast, favored more developed shoot and leaf growth. Temperature control, especially cooler conditions under initial growth, favored leaf emergence and plant height, while room temperature maintained overall growth performance. Collectively, these results confirmed the important role of pH of the culture medium, certain plant hormones, and controlled environments in optimizing onion tissue culture. The outcomes are offered empirical evidence that is useful for enhancing micropropagation protocols, which can be extended to onion production systems, as well as future genetic breeding programs focused on maintaining and increasing onion yields under controlled conditions

Depth profiles of microplastic in sediment cores in seagrass and adjacent areas

2025-12-12T13:41:30+07:00

Seagrass beds are vital biodiversity hotspots, offering habitats for many species of fish and marine organisms. Additionally, they play an essential role in nutrient cycling, sequestering carbon, and mitigating coastal erosion. These ecosystems are facing growing threats from pollution, including microplastics (MPs) contamination (< 5 mm). mined The vertical distribution of microplastics in sediment cores (depths 0-20 cm) in seagrass beds and adjacent areas at Kalase Bay, located in Trang Province, facing to Andama sea, southern Thailand was investigated. The results revealed the presence of MPs in both seagrass and non-seagrass areas, with higher concentrations found in the surface area (depths 0-5 cm) than the bottom (depths 15-20 cm) at many stations. The main shapes of microplastics were mostly made up of fibers and fragments. The most prominent color consisted of transparent particles, followed by black and blue particles. This result suggested that microplastic was accumulated in the depth profile of sediment at both areas especially at seagrass beds may perform as effective sinks for microplastics, likely due to their root and leaf structures that support MPs trapping, highlighting the need for pollution management and conservation strategies in coastal ecosystems.

Evaluation the bioeconomic impact of trash fish and artificial feed on production and profitability of Mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) cultured in pond

2025-12-12T13:41:28+07:00

This study examined the effects of feeding mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) with trash fish (T1) and artificial feed (T2) on bioeconomic performance and profitability in 400 m² grow-out ponds over a 6-month period. The findings revealed significant variations in fish growth after the first month, with T2 consistently exhibiting slower growth throughout the rearing period (P<0.05). Survival rate, FCR, and yield for T1 were 96.0%, 5.26, and 262.7 kg/pond, respectively, while T2 achieved 97.5%, 2.25, and 170.0 kg/pond. The total costs of rearing fish in T1 and T2 were 91.8 and 85.4 THB/m², respectively. Total revenues were 183.9 THB/m² for T1 and 119.0 THB/m² for T2, resulting in net cash returns of 92.0 and 33.6 THB/m², respectively. Both feeding strategies covered operational costs, as indicated by NPV, BCR, and IRR analyses. However, investing in T2 carried relatively higher risks, particularly in scenarios where costs increased by 20% and benefits decreased by 20%, leading to a BCR of 0.95 and a negative IRR. Overall, rearing red snapper in earthen ponds fed with trash fish appeared to be a more suitable investment option, but further study and development of artificial feed for this fish are needed for sustainable farming practices.

Exploring siderophore and hydroxamate production by fungi in the gut of Thai earthworms and their agricultural applications

2025-12-12T13:41:26+07:00

Sixty-nine fungal isolates were cultured on PDA and YMA media, with 42 testingpositive for siderophore production via the CAS blue agar assay. The highest producers—VL4, RC5, RY1, Mpe9, and RL3—exceeded 80% siderophore units (SU), with RC5 achieving 92.73 ± 0.56% SU. The ferric perchlorate test showed RL3 had the highest hydroxamate siderophore concentration at 1,060.92 ± 3.00 µg/ml. Siderophore production decreased when FeSO₄ was added to the culture medium, and varying media impacted the levels of siderophore and hydroxamate production. Samples from earthworm guts, vermicompost, and organic agricultural soil demonstrated low siderophore production (<60%) and hydroxamate concentrations (<10 µg/ml). Notably, siderophores significantly improved iron uptake in plants, evidenced by increased iron content and shoot height in rice. Morphological and ITS1 region analyses identified RL3 as Aspergillus sp. (closely related to Aspergillus niger) and RC5 as Mucor sp. (related to Talaromyces angelicus). The study concluded that fungi from economic and agricultural earthworm sources are found to be potent producers of siderophores and hydroxamate siderophores, offering potential applications for enhancing plant iron uptake and soil health.

Genetic diversity of Philippine sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) germplasm using morphological and molecular markers

2025-12-12T14:03:09+07:00

The genetic and phenotypic diversity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) germplasm collected from Luzon, Philippines, was assessed through integrated morphological and molecular approaches. A total of 264 accessions, including released varieties, advanced lines, and hybrids, were characterized. Morphological evaluation revealed distinct variability in vegetative and storage root traits. Leaf morphology ranged from triangular to semi-elliptical with pigmentation varying from green to purple, while lobe number reflected high phenotypic plasticity. Storage roots exhibited diverse shapes, from elliptic to oblong, and variable pigmentation (orange to purple), indicative of carotenoid and anthocyanin accumulation. Environmental conditions, particularly excessive soil moisture, influenced trait expression by reducing pigmentation intensity and inducing structural deformities such as grooves and constrictions. Phenotypic diversity analysis using the Shannon Diversity Index revealed high variability in vine pubescence and skin pigmentation (H′ ≥ 0.67) but limited diversity in mature leaf color and flesh pigmentation (H′ ≤ 0.33). Cluster analysis (UPGMA) grouped the genotypes into 10 clusters, reflecting both genetic variation and environmental effects. Complementary molecular characterization using 54 SSR primers, of which 33 were polymorphic, confirmed substantial allelic diversity. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.909, demonstrating strong discriminatory power. SSR-based clustering grouped 156 genotypes into 12 clusters at a Jaccard similarity coefficient of 0.89, providing higher resolution than morphological analysis and delineating regional populations and hybrid groups. The integration of phenotypic and molecular data highlights the extensive diversity within Philippine sweetpotato germplasm. While morphological traits were environmentally influenced, SSR markers effectively resolved genetic relationships and population structure. This combined framework provided a robust basis for germplasm management and utilization. The findings underscored the importance of conserving diverse alleles and exploiting them for breeding programs focused on pigmentation, root quality, stress resilience, and yield improvement, thereby supporting sustainable sweet potato production in the Philippines.

Community-driven engineering: Designing and constructing a mixing machine for organic fertilizer pellets from cricket dung

2025-12-12T13:41:24+07:00

Results demonstrated effective pellet formation with moisture content averaging 28.66-32.57% wb. Optimal performance was observed at a mixing speed of 75 rpm and a pelletizing speed of 350 rpm, achieving a production rate of 160.85±0.53 kg/hr. Production losses were minimal, with an average residual pellet percentage of 0.87±1.47% and an efficiency of 96.44±1.63%. The machine appears suitable for efficient community-level organic fertilizer production. Future research should focus on examining productivity factors, the long-term impacts of the process on sustainability and quality, and potential design improvements for enhanced transportability, such as tractor attachments, to better support farmers across various agricultural contexts.

Combined application of hot water treatment and 1-methylcyclopropene enhances postharvest quality of ‘Solo’ Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

2025-12-12T14:03:07+07:00

Results of this study revealed that fruits treated with the combined application (T2) of hot water treatment (HWT) at 50 °C for 10 minutes coupled with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) through gas exposure at 1.50 ppm for 12 hours exhibited delayed peel color change, superior firmness retention, and consistently higher visual quality ratings throughout 15 days of storage. Untreated fruits (T1) ripened faster and had higher total soluble solids (TSS), while T2-treated fruits maintained comparable organoleptic attributes in terms of taste, aroma, and overall acceptability. HWT alone (T6) is effective in suppressing anthracnose incidence and severity which supports its role in postharvest disease management. However, neither HWT nor 1-MCP alone, nor their combination, completely eliminated disease development which indicates the need for supplementary interventions. These findings support the potential of integrated, non-chemical postharvest strategies for enhancing quality and extending the marketability of tropical fruits like papaya.

Development of low-alcohol durian wine

2025-12-12T13:41:22+07:00

The unusual durian has undergone fermentation to produce a low-alcohol wine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to ferment the low-alcohol wine durian. Research findings indicated that a 1:7 durian pulp-to-water ratio and 1.50% w/v yeast cultures were chosen based on their high (p≤ 0.05) generation of ethyl alcohol content. The 25 °Brix low-alcohol durian wine was then selected to meet the necessary criteria to get a significantly (p≤ 0.05) high preference score in terms of aroma, taste, and overall acceptability, which were 6.70 ± 0.50, 7.30 ± 0.55, and 7.15±0.60, respectively. The ethyl alcohol concentration, total soluble solids, and pH of the resulting wine were 8.30±0.11%, 11.80±0.18°Brix, and 4.19±0.02, respectively. Interestingly, the findings of this study suggested that an innovative beverage could be created, combining the unique flavor of durian with reduced alcohol content and minimizing waste pollution for environmental preservation.

Development of cookies fortified with defatted rice bran flour derived from dough grain stage: nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties

2025-12-12T13:41:20+07:00

Defatted Jasmine rice bran flour (DRBF) had higher phytochemical content and antioxidant activity than wheat flour. The addition of 15%-25%DRBF significantly improved the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of the cookies, with the highest activity observed at 25%DRBF. However, sensory evaluation showed that scores for all sensory attributes decreased significantly at 20%-25%DRBF. The cookies with 15%DRBF achieved the best balance between consumer acceptability and antioxidant activity. Although higher DRBF levels (20%-25%DRBF) increased antioxidant activity, they led to reduced consumer preference. Additionally, substitution with 15%DRBF increased fiber and protein content of the cookies while decreasing their carbohydrate and calorific values. These findings suggested that incorporating 15%DRBF into cookies enhanced both sensory attributes and health benefits, making it an ideal functional ingredient.

Therapeutic effects of ethanol extract from Erythrina fusca Lour. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice

2025-12-12T13:41:18+07:00

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract from Erythrina fusca Lour. fruit (EFEL) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury in mice. EFEL was administered orally at doses of 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg for 28 days. EFEL significantly restored body weight, reduced liver weight, and normalized serum AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels compared to the CCl₄ group (p < 0.05). Total protein and albumin were also improved. EFEL attenuated oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhancing antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, TAC), while decreasing catalase activity. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) showed a marked decrease, particularly at the 500 mg/kg dose. Histopathological findings supported the biochemical results, showing preserved hepatic architecture and reduced inflammation. These results demonstrate that EFEL exerts dose-dependent hepatoprotective effects through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, demonstrating its promise as a liver damage treatment.

Antibacterial activity of asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) fruit extract and productive performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed with Garcinia atroviridis powder

2025-12-12T13:41:16+07:00

The HPLC analysis detected 435.14±6.67 mg/g (43.51%) of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in the crude extract. Acetone extracts at the greatest concentration (200,000 µg/ml) were found to inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. enterica, with inhibition zones of 35.53 and 33.08 millimeters (mm), respectively. The MIC against E. coli and S. enterica was 12,500 µg/mL. The MBC values required to kill E. coli and S. enterica were 25,000 and 12,500 µg/mL, respectively.

The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the final body weight of quail chicks supplemented with 0.2% commercial organic acids and those receiving 10 and 20 g/kg of G. atroviridis powder, relative to the control group, at 7–8, 8–9, and 3–9 weeks of age (P < 0.05).

Furthermore, these findings supported the use of G. atroviridis as a feed additive for Japanese quails. Specifically, dietary supplementation with 10–20 g/kg of G. atroviridis powder significantly improves the productive performance of Japanese quails at 7–9 weeks of age.

Metrics analysis and evaluation of landscape mosaic changes to monitor the identity of forest monastery green space, Northeast Thailand

2025-12-12T13:41:14+07:00

Forest monasteries are significant Buddhist sites that serve as hubs for ecological services and forest habitats. These monasteries are dispersed throughout urban and community landscapes in Thailand, but have been facing a decline in green space due to land-use changes and urban expansion. This study discussed the assessment of the situation and changes in the structure and pattern of forest monastery green spaces through the application of geo-information technology and principles of landscape ecology. The study classified green and non-green areas in 2022, with proportions of 39.40% and 60.06% respectively. Accuracy and Kappa were 80.21% and 0.92, respectively, reflecting near-perfect agreement. The most significant ecological landscape structures of forest monasteries were green spaces with a core area surrounded by edges, supporting habitats and ecological services, accounting for 19.50% and 10.12%, respectively. These forest monasteries were found across all four settlement patterns: nucleated, linear, dispersed, and isolated, distributed in urban, suburban, and natural areas, each facing different landscape mosaic changes. Forest monasteries located within developed landscapes tended to have lower green space retention and persistence compared to those in agricultural, mixed, and natural landscapes, respectively. However, in terms of maintaining contiguous green spaces, analysis of landscape metrics such as patch area, percentage of landscape, core area, and patch context revealed that Wat Pah Nanachat and Wat Pah Nong Pa Pong had the highest values. These metrics most strongly reflected the green space identity of forest monasteries, even though these monasteries are located in areas undergoing urban development, compared to other forest monasteries. The findings of this research can be used to analyze and assess the green space potential of monasteries dispersed throughout the landscape system. This is helped to understand the dynamics of change in forest monastery green spaces, which must be surrounded by forested areas—an essential cultural landscape element vital to social ecology and contributing are to expand the urban green spaces for future environmental sustainability.

The effects of cassava residue supplementation in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed on carcass composition and economic return

2025-12-12T13:41:11+07:00

The supplementation of cassava residue in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed was conducted the optimal level of cassava residue for improving Carcass Composition and to analyze the production costs of Nile tilapia fed with cassava residue. The chemical composition analysis showed that Diet 1 had the highest percentages of dry matter (89.7%), organic matter (88.0%), and crude protein (31.4%), indicating its nutritional superiority. Conversely, Diet 2 had the highest ash content (15.8%) and the lowest cost (1,006.45 THB per cage), making it a cost-effective option. In terms of carcass characteristics, significant differences (p < 0.05) were noted among the diets, with Diet 2 resulting in the highest standard length (12.90 cm) and weight after 30 minutes (70.44 g), demonstrating its effectiveness in promoting growth. The economic evaluation revealed that Diet 4 provided the highest net profit (638.80 THB per cage), outperforming the other diets in profitability. Overall, the findings indicated that incorporating dried cassava residue into Nile tilapia diets is not only enhanced growth performance but also contributed to improve economic returns. This study is provided valuable insights for aquaculture practitioners looking to optimize feed formulations for Nile tilapia while minimizing costs.

Inhibition of foodborne bacterial pathogens in meat products using bioplastic with Ceasalpinia sappan heartwood crude extract

2025-12-12T13:41:10+07:00

The bioplastic packaging is found to be inhibited the growth of bacteria causing spoilage of meat products. The result showed antibacterial activity of the crude extract of C. sappan heartwood. The results showed that the MIC values for E. coli, B. cereus and S. aureus were 1,875 mg/ml. In addition, the MBC values for E. coli and S. aureus were found to be 7,500 mg/ml but the MBC values for B. cereus were found to be more than 60,000 mg/ml. The result indicated that the inhibition zone diameter for bioplastics from corn starch and C. sappan heartwood crude extract inhibited E. coli, B. cereus and S. aureus were 5.4, 10.4 and 13.4, respectively. Therefore, bioplastic and crude extract of C. sappen heartwood could develop into packaging to prolong the meat product spoilage.

Responses of drought-stressed hot pepper to seaweed extract application: Agronomic and physiological perspectives

2025-12-12T13:41:08+07:00

A significant interaction between field capacity (FC) and seaweed extract (LSE) was observed for total chlorophyll content, with the highest level (4.74 mg/g tissue) in 0% LSE under 75% FC and the lowest (1.73 mg/g tissue) in 3.75% LSE under the same FC. While FC significantly affected growth and physiological traits, it had minimal impact on yield. Fruit weight and length varied slightly across FC levels: 100% FC (2.78 g & 11.79 cm), 75% FC (3.12 g & 13.41 cm), 50% FC (2.63 g & 12.46 cm), and 25% FC (3.12 g & 13.24 cm). In contrast, yield variables based on LSE treatment—fruit weight per plant and number of fruits per plant—showed moderate differences, with 0% LSE producing 17.51 g and 6.37 fruits, 1.25% LSE 19.95 g and 6.61 fruits, 2.5% LSE 17.98 g and 6.61 fruits, 3.75% LSE 22.09 g and 7.11 fruits, and 5% LSE 17.37 g and 6.52 fruits.

Comparative study of nitrogen release from compound fertilizers in silty loam and sandy loam soils

2025-12-12T13:41:06+07:00

Most Thai farmers cultivate field crops on coarse-textured soils that are inherently low in fertility and highly susceptible to nutrient leaching, resulting in low nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the Hin Kong (Hk) soil series exhibited greater ammonium-N and urea-N release than the Chanthuk (Cu) soil series, reaching 624 and 54.4 mg N kg⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, the Cu soil series showed higher nitrate-N release, with 364 mg N kg⁻¹. Among the fertilizer formulations, 15-7-18 produced the highest ammonium-N, urea-N, and available nitrogen release, although these values were not significantly different from those of the 15-5-20 formulation. Conversely, the 15-5-20 formulation generated the highest nitrate-N release (536 mg N kg⁻¹), but its ammonium-N and available N release remained statistically comparable to the 15-7-18 formulation. The 15-7-18 fertilizer consistently promoted early-stage ammonium accumulation, reflecting its relatively ammonium-based composition, whereas the 15-5-20 formulation favoured rapid nitrate build-up in the Cu soil. The 16-8-8 formulation exhibited a more gradual release pattern in both soils, maintaining available N at later stages and suggesting slower transformation and solubilization rates compared with the other formulations. These findings indicate that nitrogen release dynamics are jointly governed by fertilizer formulation and soil properties—including not only soil texture but also organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and soil acidity. Temporal patterns further revealed an initial rapid nitrogen release followed by stabilization, reflecting the combined effects of soil physical structure, chemical characteristics, microbial activity, and fertilizer traits. Selecting an appropriate fertilizer formulation is therefore essential for improving nitrogen use efficiency in coarse-textured soils.

Improvement of rice farming through use of biomass waste-derived biochar in combination with soil analysis-based fertilization and wetting and drying water

2025-12-12T13:41:57+07:00

Improvement of rice farming through use of biomass waste-derived biochar in combination with soil analysis-based fertilization (recommended by All-rice1 application) and alternate wetting and drying water management (AWD) is an important and essential approach for Thai agriculture and the utilization of biomass waste, especially in rice production, which is found to be the main occupation and an important economic crop of the country. For the use of 2,000 kg/ha biochar at the rate (All-rice1+AWD+Biochar) and not (All-rice1+AWD) in the farmer's paddy, both management forms were not affected the height of 35- and 65-day-old rice. In addition, the rice yield components of the All-rice1+AWD+Biochar rice cultivation were 100.32 grains/panicle, resulting in a rice yield (6,453.75 kg/ha), which increased by 10.04%. The All-rice1+AWD+Biochar had a higher total cost and variable cost than the rice cultivation according to the All-rice1+AWD, an average of 40,018.81 Thai baht/ha., It was found that All-rice1+AWD+Biochar rice cultivation had an average net loss of 15,121.25 Thai baht/ha. Although using biochar as a production factor in All-rice1+AWD+Biochar rice cultivation resulted in higher yields and total incomes more than All-rice1+AWD cultivation, it was still not worth the higher production costs of All-rice1+AWD+Biochar rice cultivation. For the environmental impact, the CC index of rice cultivation using biochar was 52.71% lower than without biochar. The AP index of the rice cultivation system slightly increased, with ammonia emissions (83.09% AP index) resulting from nitrogen fertilizer application, sulfur dioxide emissions (9.35% AP index), and nitrogen oxides (7.28% AP index).

Bacteria that can tolerate and decontaminate cadmium and lead contaminated rice paddy soil

2025-12-12T13:41:03+07:00

One of the current issues in rice-growing regions is heavy metals contaminated rice paddy. The environment and the health of people, animals, plants, and crops are negatively impacted by high levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The present study isolated and identified potential microbial remediators from the rice growing area contaminated with heavy metals at Sitio Namangonan, Guiset Norte, San Manuel, Pangasinan, Luzon Island, Philippines. The bacterial isolates were molecularly identified using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), and performed evolutionary analyses using MEGA 11. The soil sample contained 0.42 mg/kg cadmium and 57.80 mg/kg lead. Five species of bacteria (BI-1, BI-2, BI-3, BI-4, and BI-5) namely: Priestia flexa BI-1, Priestia megaterium BI-2, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BI-3; P. megaterium BI-4; and P. megaterium BI-5 with 98.94%, 98.47%, 92.53%, 84.21%, and 99.67% similarity, respectively, were isolated from the soil contaminated with cadmium and lead. Furthermore, P. megaterium BI-2, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BI-3, Priestia megaterium BI-4, and P. megaterium BI-5 are tolerant to up to 1000 mg/kg cadmium concentration while P. flexa BI-1 is identified as non-tolerant to cadmium contamination. Additionally, Priestia megaterium BI-2, S. maltophilia BI-3, P. megaterium BI-4, and P. megaterium BI-5 are resistant to lead concentrations of up to 1000 mg/kg. Therefore, in cadmium and lead-contaminated rice paddy soil, the bacterial isolates are resistant to heavy metals. Finally, these bacterial isolates could clean up lead and cadmium-contaminated rice paddy soil.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil as a natural growth promoter in broiler chickens

2025-12-12T13:41:55+07:00

Broiler chickens were supplemented with oregano essential oil showed better early growth performance compared to those fed a standard diet or the antibiotic salinomycin. During the first 10 days, the chickens receiving oregano essential oil had a highly significantly higher feed intake (P<0.01) than the group which received 1,000 ppm. It showed the highest average daily feed intake of 26.62 g/bird, followed by the 2,000 ppm and 4,000 ppm groups, which had averaged intakes of 25.9 and 25.81 g/bird, respectively. However, the differences among the oregano-supplemented groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the control and antibiotic groups had lower feed intakes of 23.26 g/bird and 23.23 g/bird, respectively, but there were not significantly differed among the oregano-supplemented groups (P>0.05). Additionally, body weights and daily growth rates in all groups receiving oregano were similar to those in the antibiotics group and were significantly higher (P<0.01) as compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed among the various levels of oregano (P>0.05). Notably, during the same period, the group supplemented with 2,000 ppm of oregano essential oil exhibited a feed conversion ratio (FCR) that was statistically compared (P > 0.05) to the group receiving salinomycin. After the initial 10 days, there were not significant differed in growth performance or carcass traits across all treatment groups (P>0.05). The feed cost per kilogram of meat produced during the starter period for the 1,000 ppm oregano group was 25.76 Baht/kg, as compared to the control group at 25.96 Baht/kg and the antibiotic group at 23.85 Baht/kg. These findings suggested that oregano essential oil, particularly at 1,000 ppm, can serve as a cost-effective alternative to antibiotics for enhancing early-stage growth in broiler chickens without negatively impacting overall production costs or carcass quality.

Impact of local cassava cultivars and particle size on dimensional, shape, and color properties of cassava flour

2025-12-12T13:41:01+07:00

It was found that dimensional properties consisted of particle diameter, total particle area, and number of particles were significantly influenced by casava cultivar, particle size and the interaction of these two factors. For the shape properties, sphericity was influenced by cassava cultivar; roundness was influenced by particle size; and surface roughness was influenced by both cassava cultivar, particle size, and the interaction of these two factors. For color properties, whiteness index was affected by cassava cultivar, particle size, and the interaction of these two factors; chroma was affected by particle size; and hue angle was affected by cassava cultivar and the interaction of cassava cultivar and particle size. It could also be concluded that produced cassava flour was finer and whiter than the commonly encountered cassava flour, with the sphericity included into spherical and high spherical particles, and roundness of the particle flour classified as rounded and well-rounded. There was a tendency to decrease in particle size which was accompanied by decreasing surface roughness, and this smaller particle size produced a higher whiteness index. Finally, the choice of cassava cultivar and particle size was very important in obtaining flour with the desired properties.

Analysis of household food security post pandemic in Mukomuko District, Bengkulu Province

2025-12-12T13:41:53+07:00

The results of multinomial logistic regression analysis highlighted several variables significantly impacting on household food security. Of the eleven independent variables, only two had significant influenced on household food security, namely average expenditure and adequate sanitation. This study can serve as a foundation for strategic policy decisions by the Mukomuko Regency regional government. The findings can also act as an early warning system in case of a decline in the food security index, whether due to the pandemic or other factors. In addition, at the national level, Indonesia still has the same agricultural problems as before, namely labor, inputs, land use changes, etc. Indonesia needs to work harder to advance agriculture as a career, integrate agriculture to increase farmers' incomes, and increase agricultural intensification to cover its limited agricultural land. Import dependence is increased the possibility of problems in the future. Overemphasis on rice as the main ingredient to achieve food security is caused by other problems. Food diversification programs need to be advanced with more regulations and activities.

Growth performance and nutritional composition of field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer) fed with diets containing dried cassava leaves

2025-12-12T13:40:58+07:00

Crickets are among the most popular insects used as food due to their high nutritional value and ease of culture. The rearing of field crickets on diets containing dried cassava leaves as a substitute for soybean meal at levels of 0%(0CL), 30%(30CL), 50%(50CL), 70%(70CL), and 100%(100CL) was studied, focusing on their growth performance and nutritional value. After 45 days of cricket rearing, it was found that replacing soybean meal with dried cassava leaves at 30% and 50% showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in cricket weight (279.82 g/box and 260.42 g/box, respectively) compared to the control treatment (284.08 g/box). There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in individual body weight among the treatments. Crickets reared on the diet containing 100% dried cassava leaves (100CL) had the lowest individual body weights, measuring 0.688 g for males and 0.930 g for females. The number of eggs per female cricket had no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) across all treatments, ranging from 1,415.67 to 1,574.67 eggs. Additionally, field crickets fed diet containing dried cassava leaves had higher crude protein content (57.30-58.79% dm) than the control treatment (55.18% dm), with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). However, the crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber contents decreased with increasing levels of dried cassava leaves in the diet. In conclusion, dried cassava leaves can replace up to 50% of soybean meal without reducing the yield, fecundity, or nutritional value of field crickets.