International Journal of Agricultural Technology

Development of extraction and application of alizarin from madder roots using supercritical carbon dioxide and its sustainable application on textile

Ali, N. F. — 2026-07-15

Low temperature, extraction pressure, critical carbon dioxide are the most commonly used supercritical condition. Super critical carbon dioxide was used to extract alizarin from madder roots (Rubia tinctorum) under various conditions, including temperature of 30–60 °C, pressure of 50–250 bar, extraction duration of 20–80 min, and flow rate of 5–9 mL/min. Under ideal circumstances, alizarin discovery in R. tinctorum extract (RE) of 1.34 g/kg roots with the concentration of 6.42 %. Wool textiles were dyed at various concentrations, pH levels, and times using microwave dyeing techniques. Low molecular weight chitosan was substituted for mordent at varying doses of 2–10 g/L. For both treated and untreated fibers, fastness characteristics of colored wool textiles were investigated. The dyeing characteristics and the fastness property were improved by the mordent. Technology was used to extract pigment of alizarin from R. tinctorum as a sustainable substitute for traditional extraction techniques. The impact of chemical, natural mordents, and extract concentration on the coloring characteristics of dyed wool textiles were assessed. Additionally, the antibacterial qualities of the dyed wool fabrics against bacteria and yeast including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans were assessed.

Physicochemical and micro-morphological on banana peel splitting

Anis, U. — 2026-07-15

Peel cracking in barangan merah bananas was associated mainly with biochemical and structural changes rather than physical dimensional alterations. Bananas exhibiting peel splitting showed significant differences in pH and total soluble solids (TSS) compared with non-splitting fruit, particularly at the sixth storage period, indicating advanced biochemical changes related to ripening and deterioration. Splitting fruit generally exhibited altered acidity and increased soluble solids, reflecting intensified metabolic activity. Micro-morphological observations revealed clear structural differences between splitting and non-splitting peels, suggesting tissue disruption and cellular degradation in cracked fruit. In contrast, peel splitting did not significantly affect physical dimensions, including peel length and width, indicating that cracking was not driven by external expansion or growth-related stress. Weight loss patterns were not markedly different between splitting and non-splitting bananas, suggesting that moisture loss was not the primary cause of peel cracking. Overall, peel splitting in barangan merah bananas reflects internal biochemical deterioration and micro-structural damage rather than changes in physical size, and may serve as a visible indicator of reduced fruit quality and shortened shelf life during storage.

Integrated screening and bioformulation of plant growth–promoting bacteria for sustainable Agriculture

Ramesh Kumar Ashwin — 2026-07-15

Plant growth-promoting microbes are isolated and screened for a total of ten representative isolates as the potential for ammonia, acetoin siderophore production, nitrogen fixation, and indole-3-acetic acid synthesis and phosphate solubilization. These isolates are identified as Streptomyces albido flavus KA18, Streptomyces spectabilis NBB36, Streptomyces nigra SAN20, Streptomyces violaceus SAN35, Brevibacillus borstelensis VERB6, Streptomyces rochei VCIB11, Bacillus licheniformis VCIB2, Paracoccus sanguinis VCOB5, Brevundimonas subvibrioides VCOB6, and Neotabrizicola shimadae VCOB8. All tested isolates exhibited the multiple actions which found to be strongly enhanced available plant nutrients for the growth of plants. These strains are found to be tolerance to potassium dichromate up to 1000 ppm which applicability under the contaminated soil conditions and abiotic stress. S. rochei VCIB11, S. spectabilis NBB36, S. violaceus SAN35, S. albidoflavus KA18 expressed antimicrobial activity against plant pathogen (Ralstonia solanacearum). Moreover, all selected strains are prove to be synergistic interaction with no antagonistic effects. It is supported their suitability for consortium-based formulations. The highlighted result is proved for the multifunctional potential of these strains to be an eco-friendly biofertilizer and bio-bacteriocide to decrease the toxic chemical contaminants in soil and water incorporated for decreasing heavy metals to revitalize soil and bioremediation.

Developing bioplastic mulch from Kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata) shell chitosan with potato peel starch and rice husk cellulose

Asido, L. — 2026-07-15

Results revealed tensile strength (TS) values ranging from 29,730 to 131,860 Pa. The starch-dominant formulation (25:50:25) recorded the highest average tensile strength and the highest elongation at break of 29.47%. Reduced amounts of chitosan and cellulose decreased tensile strength but increased elongation. The mean percent at water vapor permeability (WVP) of the produced bioplastics with potato peel starch, rice husk cellulose, and kuhol shell chitosan ratio of (33:33:33), (25:50:25), (40:40:20), and (20:40:40) were between 4.17 ×10^-11and 1.72 ×10^-11 cm³∙ cm / cm²∙ s ∙ Pa. Low WVP indicated high water barrier properties (WBP), a positive feature for mulch film. As the amount of chitin in bioplastics increased the mass of the water vapor that escaped through them decreased. The lowest biodegradability rate was 8 % obtained from 40:40:20 ratio. The addition of chitosan increased the time required for biodegradation. Starch, cellulose and chitosan did not immediately contribute to NPK availability as it provided a carbon source for microbes during biodegradation first, thus requiring longer observation time. Research findings demonstrated a significant difference in the TS and elongation in the different ratios, with a p-value 0.002 for TS and <.0001 for elongation. However, there were no significant differences in the WVP, biodegradability, and NPK content. It is recommended to widen the testing parameters which includes testing the efficacy of the bioplastic mulch through enhancing soil moisture ability, plant growth, and weed suppressibility, using more advanced analytical techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and to improve the quality and size of the product, longer and wider experimentation to arrive in better and more reliable results.

In silico structural analysis, classification, and functional annotation of uncharacterized protein from Corbicula fluminea

Barangan, J. B. M. — 2026-07-15

Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) chaperones are essential molecular machines that facilitate the folding, assembly, and stabilization of numerous client proteins through ATP-dependent cycles of substrate binding and release. An uncharacterized protein sequence from Corbicula fluminea was initially annotated to contain domains with potential biotechnological relevance. This study employed in silico approaches using online tools for protein characterization including BLASTp, ExPASy, I-TASSER, EzMol, DeepLoc, SMART, and MEGA 12 software to determine its structural characteristics, classification, and potential functional role. Results revealed the presence of a conserved Pfam HSP70 domain (positions 6–612) and a Pfam MreB_Mbl domain (positions 116–384), along with a low-complexity region (positions 615–646). Subcellular localization prediction indicated a cytoplasmic distribution. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic reconstruction using the Maximum Likelihood method showed that the HSP70 sequence from C. fluminea is closely related to known HSP70 sequences from related species, confirming its taxonomic placement within HSP70 protein family. Collectively, these results confirmed the protein as a member of HSP70 family and provide foundational insights into its structural and functional characteristics, contributing to the understanding of molecular chaperone biology in bivalves and informing future applications in biotechnology.

Effects of season and substrate on cutting propagation efficiency and nursery growth of selected ancient Shan tea genotypes (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) in Northern Vietnam

Bui, T. L. — 2026-07-15

The effects of seasonal variations and different types of substrates on the survival rate, rooting ability, and growth of Shan tea plants (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) during the seedling stage using cuttings are investigated. The selected ancient Shan tea trees is developed the new tea varieties, with cuttings taken in two seasons (summer-autumn and winter-spring) and three types of substrates (including yellow-red ferralitic soil, sand, and rice husk ash with different mixing ratios). Evaluation based on indicators such as survival rate, rooting rate, and growth characteristics of roots, stems, and leaves showed that seedlings from different lines exhibited varying growth patterns, with lines LC.TT16 and YB.SB4 showed the best growth performance in both winter-spring and summer-autumn seasons. The substrates are supplemented with sand and rice husk ash which is helped the plants develop better root systems and shoot growth as compared to plain red-yellow ferralitic soil, highlighting the important role of porosity and suitable moisture retention of the substrate. Vegetative propagation of Shan tea through cuttings are improved the quality of seedlings, contributing to the conservation and sustainable development of Shan tea genetic resources.

Multi-objective bayesian optimization of fermentation conditions for enhanced protease activity and microbial density in Bacillus spp. from traditional Vietnamese fish sauce

Duong, V. T. — 2026-07-15

The optimized fermentation for Bacillus strains (BM9 and HH19) isolated from traditional fish sauce mash in Nam-O village, Da Nang, Vietnam was proved to enhance protease activity and microbial community to improve food production. Fish sauce fermentation is accelerated the efficient microbial supplement to the prolonged production. Bayesian Optimization (BO in a skim milk-based medium was proved to be efficiently navigates complex biological parameter to determine the optimal conditions for nitrogen concentration, inoculum size, NaCl concentration, pH, and fermentation time. Skim milk is used to substitute peptone and yeast extract proved enhance density of bacteria and protease activity. Bacillus strain BM9 is achieved for protease activity of 464 U/L and a microbial density of 2.5 × 10⁹CFU/L, while Bacillus strain HH19 reached 417 U/L and 2.7 × 10⁹ CFU/L. The potential of skim milk and Bayesian Optimization for efficient fermentation is highlighted for microbial supplement to enhance the quality of fish sauce which decreased the production time. This approach is minimized the resource use and supporting traditional food industries with sustainable agriculture and food security goals.

Phytogenic feed additives for improving feed efficiency and lowering ruminants’ enteric methane emission on palm oil sludge feed: in vitro study

Dwatmadji — 2026-07-15

Result indicated that replacing non-fermented palm oil sludge (POS) with fermented POS as a basal feed led to better in vitro dry matter digestibility and lower enteric methane emissions. Adding phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) -- containing a mixture of Melastoma malabathricum (MM), Carica papaya (CP), Curcuma longa (CL), and Curcuma zanthoriza (CZ) -- resulted in the highest digestibility and total VFA concentration but also high methane output; whereas PFAs containing MM and CP produced the least methane, though with a slight decrease in digestibility. Acetate-to-propionate ratios remained within a favourable range (2.19–2.70), indicating efficient rumen fermentation. These results support using fermented POS and locally sourced PFAs within the oil palm-cattle integration systems (SISKA) framework to improve feed efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants.

Genetic characterization of Jatropha landraces in Nigeria: unlocking potential through rbcl marker analysis

Edu, N. E. — 2026-07-15

Jatropha is a medicinal plant commonly found in many parts of Nigeria, but despite its usefulness, its genetic resources have not been fully explored. While different Jatropha species have been studied in several countries, there is still very little information available on the genetic diversity of Nigerian landraces. In this study, forty Jatropha landraces were collected from different locations and identified using their local names as well as visible morphological features recognised by local farmers. Fresh leaf samples from the collected landraces were analysed using the rbcL gene for genotyping and sequencing. The resulting data were further examined using Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in GenALEx 6.5, phylogenetic analysis based on the Neighbour-Joining method, and SNP detection with DnaSP software. The results of the phylogenetic analysis separated the landraces into three major clusters, although the clustering pattern did not correspond to their geographical locations. This suggests the existence of substantial genetic variation among the landraces. A total of 685 mutations and 39 haplotypes were detected, with a very high haplotype diversity value of 0.999. This high level of diversity may be linked to mutation and recombination events within the population. In addition, nucleotide diversity was relatively high (0.70410), further indicating considerable genetic differences among the sampled landraces. AMOVA results showed that only 1% of the total variation occurred among populations, whereas 99% existed within populations, revealing a high level of diversity at the local population level. These findings provide useful baseline information for future conservation efforts and for the selection of promising parent materials in Jatropha breeding programmes.

The sustainability index on rainfed paddy cultivation in Bengkulu, Indonesia

Ekasari, Y. — 2026-07-15

Sustainability status on agricultural paddy cultivation determines food security and important to social equity and prosperity, economic development, and environmental services however land use changes accelerated by socio-economical perceptions and ecological constraints put the paddy agricultural activities and sustainability under threaten. Agricultural rice cultivation on rainfed paddy fields in Bengkulu less sustain with index of 40.38. Farmers age getting older with the range of 40- 60 years old as the poorest attribute with root mean square (RMS) 6.77 determined socio-cultural dimension with sustainability index of 35.01. As a consequence of that, the older farmers were difficult to adapt new technologies such as implementation of certified seeds, fertilizers applied in efficient, and agricultural mechanization systems however they cultivate their land with the motivation and knowledge passed down from previous generations (RMS = 4.13). Also, with the knowledge their hold from the previous generation, implementation recommended planting pattern and period was difficult to adapt by the local farmers (RMS= 3.12) therefore this attribute suppressed the institution and policies dimension on less sustainable (33.01). Low policies supported on the agricultural product prices especially on the harvest period could cause the farmers sold their production in low prices (RMS= 3.58) put the economic dimension on less sustainable status with value of 41.46. Rice cultivation is usually faced with the pests and diseases attacks causing harvested failure therefore the older farmers controlled their crops with effective pesticides without concerning the pesticides polluted their lands and environment or not. They were no consider whatever synthetic pesticides or bio-pesticides (RMS=3.64) applied however the important ones the crop could be protected from the pest and disease attacks. Last, soil fertility (RMS= 2.06) and soil acidity (RMS= 2.27) put the ecological dimension on less sustainability in rainfed paddy cultivation in Bengkulu.

Projected land use change and impact in South Seluma Sub-district, Bengkulu

Elsa, L. P. — 2026-07-15

The results of the study showed that land use in the three periods was analyzed using satellite imagery with appropriate resolution and multitemporal data taken in 2013, 2018, and 2023, released by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The rice fields in those years covered an area of 846.78 ha, 727.95 ha, and 555.42 ha, respectively, while the oil palm plantations covered an area of 3,879.10 ha, 4,087.97 ha, and 4,045.89 ha, respectively. The area of rice fields in South Seluma District has decreased dramatically by around 34.41% over the past decade, while the area of oil palm plantations managed by local farmers has increased slightly by around 4.29%. The significant declined in the area of rice fields in South Seluma District could threaten rice production in Bengkulu.

Infestation of pest attacks and its impact on the yield of organic sweet corn in lowland

Ginting, S. — 2026-07-15

Organic sweet corn still challenges, especially related to pest attacks. Farmers' pest control efforts currently use chemical pesticides that are not environmentally friendly. Integrated pest control techniques are increasingly developing along with increasing awareness of the importance of environmentally friendly sustainable agriculture. One component of integrated pest control is the use of pest-resistant varieties. The results showed that of the 17 sweet corn hybrid varieties evaluated, the variety with the highest level of attack (susceptibility) to O. furnacalis, H. armigera, and S. frugiperda was Caps15 x Caps22. The highest O. furnacalis attack found in Caps15 x Caps22 was 33% and significantly different from the comparison varieties Paragon and Bonanza, and the highest H. armigera attack found in the same variety Caps15 x Caps22 was 31%, but not significantly different from the comparison varieties Paragon and Bonanza, as well as the highest scoring S. frugiperda attack was found in the same variety. The highest yield was 16.05 tons/ha, the diameter of the cob with husk was 300.93 mm and the weight of the cob with husk was 56.73 g on Caps15 x Caps23 and was not significantly different from the comparison variety Paragon with a yield of 17.87 tons/ha, the diameter of the cob with husk was 335.06 mm and the weight of the cob with husk was 57.3 g.

Characteristics, physical and nutritional properties of the new thai rice variety with parboiled processing

Krupoo, P. — 2026-07-15

Thailand recently registered the 'Kum Bangpra' rice variety as a new, improved variety for purple rice. The processing of parboiled Kum Bangpra rice to improve the rice quality in terms of its physical properties, cooking properties, and nutritional value are evaluated. The parboiled conditions were varied on soaking time, soaking temperature, and steaming time. Based on the results, soaking the rice at 90°C for 90 minutes and then steaming the rice under pressure for 20 minutes produced the significantly highest yields of brown rice at 77.85% and head rice at 72.16%. The physical properties were determined, and the cooking properties were affected by varying the parboiled conditions, with the amylose content varying in the range 18.90–21.52%, while the gel consistency value was in the range of 29.00–57.17. Evaluation of the nutrients in the parboiled Kum Bangpra rice showed a higher iron mineral content than the untreated Kum Bangpra rice. Thus, the development of parboiled processing options for this rice variety could be beneficial for human health.

Study of the influence of the variation of raw milk having the kappa-casein gene genotype on the production of soft cheese

Ladyka, V. — 2026-07-15

It was established that under the condition of using the acid-rennet method of cheese production, protein losses were greater in the production of milk from cows of genotype AA and AB AA and AB (27.9 and 27.8%). Greater fat losses were found in milk samples from cows of the AB genotype (39.6%). The greatest losses of protein (22.6%) and fat (49.8%) were obtained under the condition of using the thermo-acid method of coagulation of proteins in milk samples from cows of the AA genotype. The superiority of milk samples from cows with AA and BB genotypes was established based on the ratio of actual and estimated cheese yield.

Performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under hydroponic culture using formulated organic nutrients (FON)

Legaspi, S. J. — 2026-07-15

The incorporation of organic solutions is gaining attention due to their ability to promote plant growth and support more sustainable agricultural practices. In this study, the different nutrient solutions used affected the growth and yield of lettuce. Lettuce grown on SNAP solution (T1) had the tallest plants, longest roots, the greatest number of leaves produced, the widest and longest leaves, and the heaviest overall yield. However, this was found insignificant compared to the plants grown on the formulated organic nutrient solution, FON with chicken dung and molasses (T2). Notably, T2 had similar responses to T4 (FON with chicken dung and without molasses) and T3 (FON with cow manure and without molasses) in terms of plant height, number of leaves produced, width of leaves, length of roots, biomass, and non-marketable part. Conversely, lettuce grown on T5 (FON with hog manure and without molasses) exhibited the least number of leaves produced, narrowest leaves, shortest root length, and lightest overall yield, similar to T3 and T4 solutions. Among the nutrient solutions used, T2 generated the highest net profit, followed by T3, T1, and T5, while T4 had the lowest net income. It indicated that T2 could be a viable alternative to conventional synthetic solutions for hydroponic lettuce production as it performs similarly under favorable conditions. Additionally, varying nutrient solutions had a noticeable impact on both the percentage of light absorption and the weight of the sediment in the solution. Lighter solutions, such as T1 (colorless), T5 (baby yellow), and T2 (gold ochre), exhibited higher percentages of light absorption. In contrast, the darker solutions, including T3 (chocolate and chrome orange) and T4 (brown and red wood), were found to absorb significantly less light. Overall, these findings underscored the potential of organic nutrient solutions in enhancing lettuce growth and profitability.

Potential of Kimju guava (Psidium guajava L. cv. Kimju) in bakery products for enhancing food security in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Nitiworakarn, S. — 2026-07-15

The compositional characteristics and polyphenolic content of Kimju guava (Psidium guajava L. cv. Kimju) and its potential as a functional ingredient in bakery products developed in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand were studied. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and values ranged from 185.4 to 242.7 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g dry weight in the guava-enriched bakery samples, significantly higher than the control (74.3 mg GAE/100 g; p < 0.05). Results confirmed the richness of the fruit in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Sensory evaluation revealed good acceptance from consumers, where bread added with 20% guava puree (32 g) and chiffon cake added with 60% guava puree (81 g) had the highest scores for overall preference in terms of colour, aroma, texture and taste. The addition of guava improved the nutritional quality by providing dietary fibre, vitamin C and antioxidants, and also enhanced the sensory attributes of bakery products, thus making them healthier alternatives to conventional formulations. These findings highlight the nutritional and economic values of Kimju guava, deserving its application in functional bakery products that may help diversify food, strengthen local food security and sustain agricultural economies.

Relationship between fruit morphological characteristics and banana flour phytochemistry

Nur’aini, H. — 2026-07-15

Assessing the similarity between the phytochemical traits of banana flour and the its fruit morphological characteristics would streamline the complex process of chemical identification. The findings showed a close relationship between protein content and peduncle length (r = -0.46), antioxidant activity and bract external color (r = -0.40), and protein content and immature fruit peel color (r = -0.46). Furthermore, the canonical correlation analysis indicated that the aggregate relationship between fruit morphological characteristics and flour phytochemical properties can be represented by the first canonical correlation (r = 0.92) with the proportion eigenvalue accounted for 58% of the overall variation. The peduncle length, bract external color, and remains of flower were the most prominent variables in delineating the overall fruit morphological characteristics with r = 0.45, -0.59, and -0.45, respectively, whilst the protein content served as the most representative variable for the flour phytochemical properties with r = -0.57. Therefore, it can be concluded that the flour phytochemical properties of banana fruit, especially protein content, can be estimated from its morphological appearance of the peduncle length, bract external color, and remains of flower.

Effects of plant growth regulators on nodal regeneration of Rhynchostylis orchid by plant tissue culture

Poeaim, S. — 2026-07-15

The effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the tissue culture of Rhynchostylis orchids was investigated. The result found that the best sterilizing method involved using distilled water combined with 0.15 percent mercuric chloride, resulting in the highest average number (86.67 percent) of uncontaminated samples. Furthermore, the best condition for plant regeneration from nodal segments was the MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP, which yielded the highest average measurements for shoot length (1.81 cm), number of shoots (4.20), number of leaves (8.20), and number of roots (5.00) over 8 weeks. This condition also produced the highest number of protocorms. However, the results showed that the MS medium was superior to the KC medium for the culture of these explants. The plantlets successfully acclimatized after being transplanted into pots and covered with plastic bags for five weeks.

Comparative study of different cultivation systems of black soybean on ultisol land

Pujiwati, H. — 2026-07-15

The study demonstrated that soybean growth and yield under water-saturated conditions differed significantly from those under conventional cultivation systems. In addition, the root physiology and anatomy of soybeans grown under water-saturated conditions also showed significant differences compared to those under conventional systems. The average plant height of soybeans under water-saturated conditions was 47.67 cm, compared to 40.13 cm under conventional conditions. Similarly, the number of soybean pods was higher under water-saturated conditions (121.40 g) than under conventional systems (84.13 g). The dry shoot weight and dry root weight were also significantly greater under water-saturated conditions (24.07 g and 5.07 g, respectively) than under conventional conditions (16.93 g and 1.70 g, respectively). These findings highlighted the importance of water-saturated cultivation systems in enhancing soybean growth and yield on Ultisol.

Assessment of antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the agricultural fruit Matad (Dillenia indica L.) for hair care applications

Rattanapittayapron, A. — 2026-07-15

The phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential and formulation stability of fruit extract of Dillenia indica L. (Matad) with emphasis on its potential use in hair care products were investigated. The fresh fruits from Koh Kret had moisture of 61.54%. 1921 maceration with ethanol. The extraction of 20 g of fresh fruit gave 738.85 g of dried material and 35.48 g of extract. The extraction yield was 1.84% (w/w) based on fresh weight. The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used for the antioxidant activity and the result showed concentration dependent response. The IC50 values of extract and ascorbic acid were 2.94 ± 0.12 mg/mL and 0.043 ± 0.003 mg/mL respectively. Importantly, the phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of total phenolic (397.5 ± 4.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and flavonoid content (242.0 ± 5.1 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract). These bioactive constituents are responsible for a large part of the antioxidant potential. Extra stability testing helped to prove the product was viable. The shampoos and conditioners with the extract had stable organoleptic properties and pH values for 28 days at different storage temperatures. Centrifugation confirmed that the conditioners did not undergo phase separation. D. indica was found to be a promising natural, eco-friendly ingredient for hair care with the high concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, the measurable antioxidant capacity and the stable formulations despite the modest yields. Future studies are needed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo bioactivity, optimise extraction techniques and to perform consumer acceptability testing for wider sustainable cosmetic innovation.

Effects of cultivar, culture medium, and plasma treatment on callus induction in Capsicum spp. through in vitro

Saengarun, P. — 2026-07-15

Four chili pepper cultivars were successfully germinated on MS medium under in vitro conditions. PEP12 cultivar showed the highest germination speed and rate throughout all weeks, while ANT4 cultivar had a low germination rate in the 2^nd week but an increased rate in the 3^rd week. PEP6 cultivar had the lowest germination rate in the 3^rd week, and YS cultivar had a moderate germination rate in all weeks. Callus derived from the hypocotyl of ANT4 on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L kinetin showed the highest callus induction efficiency (67.38 mm²). The callus induction experiment using air plasma jet treatments on PEP12 and YS revealed that PEP12 exposed to plasma for 9 seconds exhibited the highest callus growth rate at both the 2^nd and 4^th weeks. In contrast, YS consistently showed lower growth than PEP12 under all conditions. However, plasma treatments, even at the maximum exposure of 12, was not significantly differed as compared to the control group, indicating that plasma had only a minimal impact on callus growth, with most observed variations attributable to cultivar effects.

Effect of rootstocks on growth, yield and fruit quality of cherry tomato

Sat, C. — 2026-07-15

It was found that the stem diameter of grafted plants varies significantly, especially during the days after transplanting (DAT) 15 DATs, 45 DATs and 60 DATs. The Long green eggplant (LGE) rootstock showed the greatest stem diameter at the early stage compared to the other rootstocks and self-grafted plants. No significant differences were observed among the treatments at 30, 45, and 60 DATs in plant height. Moreover, grafting tomato plants onto different rootstocks was significantly different at (P<0.01). The data indicates that: the LGE rootstock led to the highest number of fruits per plant (100.00) and the total yield per plant (1328.70g). However, the number of inflorescences per plant, number of flowers per plant and fruit weight will not be affected by grafting. According to the result, most parameters of fruit qualities showed non-significant differences (P>0.05). However, the TSS of LGE and Sida (SD) rootstocks had the highest percentage (9.82%) and (9.60%), indicating the sweeter or more flavorful fruit compared to other rootstocks. Based on this study, it could be concluded that eggplant cultivars showed higher tolerance to flooding, produced more yield, and also affected some valuable fruit qualities after grafted.

Optimization of protoplast isolation from Cannabis sativa L. ‘Hang Kra Rog’

Singhavorachai, P. — 2026-07-15

This study investigated the effects of enzyme type and concentration, osmotic environment, and digestion time on protoplast yield and viability. The results indicated that both the type and concentration of cellulase significantly influenced protoplast yield and viability. Specifically, Cellulase R-10 outperformed Cellulase RS, with a 2.0 % Cellulase R-10 yielding the highest protoplast density (4.51 ×10⁶ cells/g fresh weight) and a viability of 95.80%. For pectinolytic enzyme, macerozyme at a concentration of 0.3% was optimal, yielding a higher protoplast yield (4.38 ×10⁶ cells/g fresh weight) compared to higher concentrations. The optimal osmotic environment was achieved with 0.4 M mannitol, which maintained a viability rate above 94% and produced a maximum yield of 4.38 × 10⁶ cells/g fresh weight and a viability of 95.93%. Higher mannitol concentrations led to a continuous decline in both yield and viability. Furthermore, an enzymatic digestion time of 16 hours was found to be the optimal, resulting in a maximum yield of 4.42 ×10⁶ cells/g fresh weight without reducing cell viability. In conclusion, the combination of 2.0% Cellulase R-10, 0.3% macerozyme, and 0.4 M mannitol, and 16 hours provides a robust and reproducible protocol for cannabis protoplast isolation. This is providing a foundation for advanced cellular and molecular studies in cannabis biotechnology.

Biotechnological production of calcium malate from sugarcane molasses using Acetobacter persici BX1

Sornyotha, S. — 2026-07-15

The production of calcium malate (calcium salt of malic acid) by Acetobacter persici BX1 using sugarcane molasses as low-cost carbon source was explored. Further investigation on untreated and pretreated molasses revealed that the highest concentration of calcium malate (22.90 ± 0.25 g/L) was obtained from the acid pretreatment using sulfuric acid. Under optimized conditions, A. persici BX1 produced a maximum of 36.07 ± 0.32 g/L calcium malate from sulfuric acid-pretreated molasses with initial sugar concentration of 250 g/L as the only carbon source without additional nitrogen supplementation within 96 h. The strain consumed 24.31% of the initial sugars with maximum production rate of 0.88 ± 0.02 g/L/h in first 24 h. These results indicated the potential of sugarcane molasses as an efficient and cheap.

Exploration and morphological characteristics of Robusta Coffee in Bengkulu

Sridanti, I. L. — 2026-07-15

The results of the exploration of robusta coffee from the mid- and highlands of Bengkulu (700-1200 m above sea level) are produced 24 robusta coffee accessions. All robusta coffee accessions can be characterized because the overall data on the plants (trees, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds) can be observed. The results of the morphological characterization of the 24 coffee accessions produced dissimilarity coefficients ranging from 0.0 to 0.25. Based on the dendrogram, the highest dissimilarity coefficient was obtained in group 2 at 0.25, while the lowest was in group 1 at 0.23. Group 1 consisted of 23 accessions, namely SNTR3, SGR, SNTR1, MRD, TJA, LBR, PCU, LNU, BKO, AUG, BRT, THM, TLS, RBP, SHNC, MKR, SBS, CRQ, CRP, SNTR2 TPS CRR, and ERG. The accessions in group one had a dissimilarity of 0.23 (similarity of 0.77). This group had similarities in the angle of insertion of the primary branches on the main stem (semi-erect) and seed color (brown). Group 2 consisted of only one accession, namely TUR. In group 2, the similar characteristics are leaf shape (obovate), seed color (yellow), and seed shape (elliptical). Group 2 does not share any similarities with group 1 in terms of ripe fruit color (black), whereas group 1 has yellow-orange, orange, and red colors, and flowering on old wood is present, whereas group 1 does not meet these characters

Effects of different levels of Chara corallina on rice seasoning (Furikake) quality

Sumana, B. — 2026-07-15

Results found the amount of Chara corallina required for best quality of dry rice seasoning, made from fish mixed with C corallina. It was shown that suitable basic formula for a protein supplement, was composed of 60 % dried fish meat, 10% white sesame, 10% black sesame, 5% soy sauce, 10% chili powder, 3% sugar, 2% salt and 7.5 % C. corallina. Proximate composition of this product was 3.41% moisture, 4.62% ash, 1.34% fat, 9.10% protein,12.56% crude fiber and 68.96% total carbohydrate. Energy and water activity were 545.9 kcal/100g and 0.43, respectively. Liking score of the developed product was 7.12±0.81, which showed overall acceptation of the product. Physical quality found that rice seasoning, mixed with 7.5% C. corallina had a brightness value (L*) of 45.27±0.12, a red value (a*) of 5.53±0.16, and a yellow value (b*) of 11.48±0.07. Rice seasoning, made from fish and C. corallina is recognized as an alternative product, for consumers who wish to consume nutritional added food, with their rice staple.

Cost structure and profitability analysis of integrated rice-aquaculture farming: A comparative study of landowners and tenants in Chachoengsao province, Thailand

Temprom, T. — 2026-07-15

The study was compared the costs and profits of a mixed rice-fish farming system between landowners and land tenants in Chachoengsao province, Thailand. At the farm level, the average total production cost was 6,118 THB per farm (averaging 20.46 rai), with variable costs accounting for 65.8% and fixed costs accounting for 34.2%. The main cost components included seed costs (416 baht per rai), chemical fertilizers (577 baht per rai), and land-related costs (opportunity costs for owners and rental costs for tenants) (1,535 baht per rai). Profitability analysis found that an average yield of 0.81 metric tons per rai, sold at 16.16 THB per kilogram, a net profit of 12,743 THB per rai, with a breakeven point of 233 kilograms per rai. There was not significantly differed in the overall performance indicators of the two clusters, namely total production cost per rai (p = 0.869), yield per rai (p = 0.823), net profit per rai (p = 0.241), and income per rai (p = 0.246). However, there were significantly differed in landowners who used more on seeds (p=0.029), whereas tenants incurred higher cash costs (p=0.004) and land rent (p<0.001) which obtained better market prices (p=0.027).

Species diversity and feeding habits of fish in organic rice fields, Nakhon Phanom Province, Northeast Thailand

Tiengtam, N. — 2026-07-15

A total of 1,039 fish individuals was collected from organic rice fields in Nakhon Phanom Province, northeast Thailand. The samples comprised 35 species, 28 genera, and 15 families. The community was dominated by cyprinids, which contributed 13 species and formed the largest share of total species richness. Of the recorded taxa, 15 species were considered dominant, with Esomus metallicus being the most abundant (13.28%). Only one non-native fish species recorded in the sampled area, namely Oreochromis niloticus. Most species (94.29%) were classified as Least Concern in terms of conservation status. However, Boraras urophthalmoides is listed as Near Threatened, while Betta smaragdina remains data deficient. The diversity indices suggested a relatively balanced community structure, with a Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of 2.93, species richness (R) of 4.20, and evenness (E) of 0.91. In the feeding ecology, the dominant species were grouped into different trophic levels. Clupeichthys aesarnensis was mainly found to feed on zooplankton, while Parambassis siamensis showed a carnivorous feeding habit. Most of the remaining dominant species were classified as omnivores with mixed diets. The results indicated that organic rice fields are found to be capable of supporting fish communities with a range of feeding strategies. It suggested that these habitats may help to maintain local fish diversity and have some role in supporting biodiversity within agricultural landscapes.

Comparative analysis of freshness between pelagic and demersal marine fish

Uthaipaen, A. — 2026-07-15

Sensory examination of pelagic fish had higher average overall sensory acceptance score (5.93±1.42 points) compared to demersal fish (5.64±1.53 points) (p<0.05). Physicochemical analysis average total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) of pelagic fish was lower than demersal fish (p<0.05), measuring at 11.71±2.40 and 13.26±3.53 mg of nitrogen/100 g, respectively. The average trimethylamine (TMA-N) in pelagic fish exceeded that in demersal fish (p<0.05), registering at 11.15±3.98 and 9.70±1.34 mg of nitrogen/100 g, respectively. Pelagic fish exhibited a higher average pH in muscle compared to demersal fish (p<0.05), measuring at 7.16±0.75 and 6.99±0.20, respectively. Microbiological examination revealed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in the quantity of every microorganism type tested across all fish types over a span of 4 days. It is concluded that pelagic fish tend to retain freshness and sustain longer storage durations in comparison to demersal fish. This may be influenced by factors such as muscle structure, physiological characteristics, and environmental conditions.

Efficacy of liquid seaweed extract as biostimulant on the performance of chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra)

Vecina, Jr. F. E. — 2026-07-15

Result revealed that highly significant effect of seaweed extract application was observed in terms of plant weight at 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting, plant height and length of root growth at 45 and 60 DAT. Width of the leaves were significantly differed at 30 and 45 days after transplanting. For nutrient uptake, T₂(10 ml liter LSE: 1 liter of water) had the highest N, P, and K content compared to other treatments based on plant tissue analysis. However, different concentrations of liquid seaweed extract were significantly affected the length and number of leaves at 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting.

The performance and costs of native samae dam chickens (Gallus gallus) breeders of smallholder farmers in Thailand

Wiyabot, T. — 2026-07-15

The results showed that production costs tended to decrease when male and female black macaque chickens were raised in the second cycle. The average fixed cost per total cost is approximately 16.48%, the average variable cost per total cost is 91.87%, and the total cash cost is 66.79%. The highest-priced item is chicken feed at 37.70% of the total cost. The feed cost per 1 kg of body weight gain averaged over two cycles; the male weight gain was 49.05 baht/kg. In females, 53.29 baht/kg. An analysis of income structure, economic profit, and average parent breeder production per total cost of smallholder farms revealed that parent breeder production can be profitable from the first round of production. The loss per production index is 20%, and the production efficiency index is 50–60%.