International Journal of Agricultural Technology

Antifungal activity of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii BL-59 to control some important postharvest diseases of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.)

Duangkaew, P., Monkhung, S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The antifungal activity of antagonistic bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of rice in Ban-Laem district, Phetchaburi province, Thailand was investigated. The fungal pathogens, Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. were isolated from the infected fruit, causing postharvest diseases in mango. The preliminary study was conducted using a dual culture assay to determine the antifungal activity of the BL-59 isolate. The dual culture assay showed that the antagonistic bacteria inhibited the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. by 49.31% and 42.55%, respectively. Furthermore, this isolate BL-59 produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which inhibited the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp. by 60.00%. Microscopic observation of the hyphal morphology of Colletotrichum sp. revealed the presence of abnormal hyphal structure. Morphological and biochemical studies of antagonistic bacteria BL-59 demonstrated that this isolate was classified as gram-positive, rod-shaped, and endospore-forming, and it showed survival growth under salinity stress and high temperature (45ºC). Moreover, this strain produced catalase and oxidase enzymes. BL-59 was identified as closely related to Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii (99.79%) using molecular identification based on the 16S rRNA gene. This study revealed that antagonistic bacteria can be used as an alternative choice to control anthracnose disease by reducing the chemical residues in agricultural production

Farmers' knowledge level and related variables towards olive production and marketing recommendations in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt

Elkashef, O. M., Mansour, T. G., Esleem, S. A. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The olive farmers' knowledge relative to production and marketing recommendations in Matrouh Governorate was identified from 260 respondents during October to December 2019. The results showed that 51.5 % of the farmers had a low level of knowledge related to the production and marketing recommendations for olive crop. farmer's knowledge degree was significantly associated (P<0.01) with all the studied independent variables. It was also found that the decline in extension services and performance, exploitation and greed of middlemen and merchants, the high cost of establishing irrigation networks, and the absence of agricultural marketing extension revealed the most important constraints affecting production and marketing practices for olive culture in the region. Therefore, it was recommended that training programs and extension services should be implemented to farmers that could contribute towards increasing olive productivity and marketing in Matrouh government, Egypt.

Soil erosion rate estimate using USLE of corn producing areas in Barangay Vitali, Zambonga City, Philippines

Garan, M. A., Salang, E. D., Galo, E. V., Tabal, E. P. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The rate of soil erosion using the universal soil loss equation (USLE) in seven (7) corn producing areas in Barangay Vitali, Zamboanga City, Philippines was estimated. The area is characterized as hilly with slope ranged from 20-43% and patches of banana, coconut and fruit trees where soil erosion has been a persistent problem. The corn areas and number of respondents were determined using the purposive sampling and descriptive statistics to compare the predictive variables. The USLE was used to estimate the rate of soil loss (A) measured in ton ha^-1 yr^-1 (t ha^-1 yr^-1) by the compounding effects of various factors such as the rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), length of slope (L), steepness of slope (S), vegetation cover (C), farming practices and management (P). Accounting all these factors, of the 7 areas, Sitio Sta. Fe obtained the highest erosion rate measured at 214.86 t ha^-1yr^-1 followed by Sitios Pico, Camalig, Gemelina, Linduman, Tagpangi and Cansilayan with respective rate at 176.0, 111.51, 92.04, 88.05, 86.20 and 67.0 t ha^-1yr^-1, which gave the average of 119.62 t ha^-1yr^-1. Rainfall erosivity, length and slope gradient are factors which contributed to high erosion rates. Suitable, ecologically sound, climate smart-soil restorative technologies should replace the soil-erosive-monoculture corn farming in the uplands of Barangay Vitali. Substantial effort has to be in placed with strong interventions from government and local communities to help curb the increasing soil erosion problem in these fragile upland ecosystems in Zamboanga City, Philippines

Diversity of fungal spores in the canopy of two mangrove tree species of southwest India

Karamchand, K. S., Sharathchandra, K., Sridhar, K. R. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

This study designed to assess the fungal spores present in throughfall, stemflow and water-filled tree holes (dendrotelmata) of two mangrove tree species (Avicennia officinalis and Rhizophora mucronata) in the Nethravathi mangroves of southwest India. Water samples were filtered through Millipore filters and stained immediately after filtration. The filters were scanned using a high power microscope for identification and enumeration of fungal spores. Physicochemical parameters of canopy region (air temperature and humidity) and water samples (temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solids) were assessed. Spores of 39 fungal species were recorded in the canopy water samples with 34 and 20 species in R. mucronata and A. officinalis, respectively. Spores of 15 species were common, while 19 and 5 species were confined to R. mucronata and A. officinalis, respectively. Fungal species with ³5% contribution were the highest in R. mucronata than A. officinalis (12 vs. 10 spp.), while seven species of them were common to both trees. The number of fungal species were highest in the stemflow of both trees with the highest species richness as well as diversity. The spores in canopy waters composed of a blend of terrestrial, freshwater and marine fungi representing staurospores, scolecospores and helicospores. Owing to diverse known and unknown fungi in the mangrove canopies, further studies might facilitate to fill the gap of global fungal biodiversity pool

Morphological identification of plant parasitic nematodes associated with Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.)

Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the significant crop problems affecting various crop productions worldwide. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) is one of the most economically important crops in the Philippines which its association with plant parasites is not well known. This paper aims to identify the species of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with rambutan as well as the manifestation of these plant parasites related to this fruit tree. The nematodes from soil and roots samples were extracted using the Baermann tray method and were identified under the light microscope based on their morphological characters. Four species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified, namely: Discocriconemella spp., Hemicycliophora spp., Helicotylenchus spp. and Heterodera/Globodera spp. Where in Discocriconemella spp. was the most frequently occurring species in the soil with a total of 40%. The prevalence of Discocriconemella spp. indicates that the soil environment in the study area is favorable for these organisms but also suggest that abiotic factors such as Physico-chemical properties do have a relationship with the frequency of these plant-parasitic nematodes. Further studies, including molecular analysis and a vast number of samples, were recommended for accurate and specific identification of the species of the nematodes as well as utilizing multiple parameters to allow more statistical analysis about its morphometrics

The effect of different planting materials ratios on the growth of foliage plants

Kosinwattana, S., Anuwong, C., Chatchana, T., Boonauan, P., Teamkao, P. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Growing foliage plants in the containers using soil-based growing media poroved to be a good alternative for the home garden, especially where land is limited. The results revealed that the plant height, the leaf number, the leaf width, and the leaf length of five types of plants in the growing media mixtures of leaf compost: coconut husk chips: coconut coir: sand ratio 2:1:1:1 were higher than other treatments. Therefore, it could suitable use for planting media to reduce the production cost of foliage plants

Influence of perceived risks in farmer’s decision towards sustainable farm practices, Evidence from Northern Thailand

Llones, C., Suwanmaneepong, S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Under the sustainable development goals, nations worldwide are enjoined to take immediate action through sustainable adaptations to mitigate climate variability and change. At the same time, agriculture is both a victim and a contributor to climate change. The situation prompted Thailand’s agriculture to explore sustainable practices for food security and deliver environmental services. Using a binary logit model, the potential effects of farmers’ perceived risks on adopting sustainable farming practices were investigated. The study revealed that farmers are somewhat hesitant to radically shift from their usual practices due to associated costs and the perceived potential risks. In addition, the study found that factors affecting adoption were site-specific. Hence, government actions should be flexible and tailored to a local level while still aligning with the national policy goals. For this, inter-agency coordination at the local, provincial and central levels is needed for agricultural support and enable farmers to make necessary changes to successfully adapt to emerging risks

Milk fatty acid profile in different genetic groups and age of buffaloes

Mettamehtar, K., Tuntivisoottikul, K., Takeungwongtrakul, S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Thirty-seven fatty acids were identified in 40 buffalo milk samples. Nineteen of the totals identified fatty acids were found in all samples. Sixteen fatty acids were detected in some samples. ɤ-Linolenic acid (C18:3n6) and cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n3) were not found in buffalo milk. Milk from 50% Murrah crossbreds had the highest content of C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:1n9t (p£0.05). There were no significant differences in the averages of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) contents between 100% Murrah and 50% Murrah crossbreds. Averages of SFA and total fatty acids in 50% Murrah crossbreds were higher than those of the 100% Murrah. The factor of age within different genetic groups affected six fatty acids such as C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C16:0, and C22:6n3 (p£0.05). The traits in 50% Murrah crossbreds which were younger than 7 years old and older than 9 years old were higher than those in others, except for C6:0 and C22:6n3, in which the 50% Murrah, that were older than 9 years old were the highest. With regards to the Murrah purebreds, no significant differences in the traits of the different studied ages were noticed. The factor also affected the SFA and total fatty acids contents (p£0.05) but did not influence MUFA and PUFA (p>0.05).

Antifungal activity and phytochemical analysis of Miliusa sessilis twig extract to control anthracnose disease in mango (Mangifera indica)

Monkhung, S. , Pootaeng-on, Y. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The efficacy of crude extract of Miliusa sessilis to control Colletotrichum sp. causing anthracnose disease of mango in vitro is determined. The M. sessilis twigs were extracted with four different organic solvents (hexane (Hex), ethanol (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH). In a preliminary study, crude extracts at various concentrations from 1000-7000 ppm were tested by dual culture assay. The result showed that Hexane and EtOAc crude extracts at 7000 ppm had a high percentage of mycelial growth inhibition. For further study, Hexane and EtOAc crude extracts were carried out to investigate the diameter of mycelia growth inhibition by poisoned food technique at different concentrations (1000, 5000 and 10000 ppm). The inhibition toward mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp. was increased with increasing concentrations of Hexane and EtOAc crude extract as compared with control. The highest percentage of inhibitory control of 90.07% and 78.52% were obtained with the efficacy of EtOAc and Hexane crude extract at 10000 ppm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of Hexane and EtOAc crude extract was 125 µg mL^-1 against Colletotrichum sp. Phytochemical investigation of Hexane and EtOAc crude extracts was performed by NMR spectroscopic techniques and thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling. ¹H NMR spectra of Hex and EtOAc crude extracts exhibited that neolignans were predominant in the extracts. TLC profiling of the crude extracts constituted different coloured phytochemical compounds with different R_fvalues. The present study provided an evidence that Hexane and EtOAc crude extracts of M. sessilis contained bioactive compounds that promising for cytotoxic effects against Colletotrichum sp.

Live birth after artificial insemination using cryopreserved epididymal sperm recovered from the cauda epididymis of slaughtered non-descript bucks in the Philippines

Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The study determined the viability of cryopreserved epididymal sperm (EpS) to full term pregnancy through AI technique in hormone responsive recipient goats. Cryopreserved EpS with post thaw motility score of ≥20% were used to inseminate estrus-synchronized (ES-AI) and ovulation-synchronized (FT-AI) recipient goats. The ES-AI goats had a mean hormone response rate (HRR) of 55.5% with a Pregnancy rate (PR) of 25% and full term delivery (FTD) rate of 20%. On the other hand, the ovulation synchronized FT-AI goats registered a mean HRR of 75%, with a PR of 58% and FTD rate of 54.2%. The use of either GnRH or Chorionic gonadotropin on day 9 in the FT-AI goats resulted in a mean hormone response rate, pregnancy rate and full term delivery rate of 72.2%, 61.2%, 58.3 % and 78.6%, 54.5% and 54.5%, respectively. These results validated the usefulness of cryopreserved EpS as an alternative source of germplasm for cryopreservation and utilization for offspring production. Moreover, the study can serve as a research platform for germplasm conservation in vitro and in vivo of genetically diverse native ruminant farm animals as well as endangered wildlife ruminants endemic in the Philippines through the use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs).

Neglected crops of Africa

Okigbo, R. N., Ugwu, C. S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The neglected crops have not been fully realized in their potential. They are well adapted to several weather conditions in different locations, in particular, drought and low nutrients. These plants have great potential to enhance food security and nutrition, climate change, preserve cultural heritage and improved income for the rural poor. They are also used for food, fiber, fodder, oil or medicinal purposes. They include Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc.), Fonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist), Soursop (Annona muricata (L), Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Lam.). In Africa, many plant species are underutilized. However, the report showed that underutilized plants are limited by loss of local knowledge, lack of research, lack of communication and limited market opportunities. Hence, creating awareness, market opportunities, research and new knowledge will enhance their utilization. Therefore, the improved development of these plant species is essential to retain the agricultural diversity, which is important for changing the world, which is increasingly dominated by few plants

Profitability analysis of giant african land snail marketing in Delta North, Nigeria

Okonta, B. O., Gbigbi, T. M., Imitini, E. S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Result found that the majority of the snail marketers were female and married with mean age of 40 years. The mean household size was 5 persons. Majority of the snail marketers are educated with mean marketing experience of 9years. The majority of snail marketers (76.92%) did not belong to an Association, and the mean income was N90,640. The total revenue was N171,129.24k and total cost was NI 15,262.16k. The marketing margin was N55,867.08k and also the benefit cost ratio and return on investment was 1.48 and 0.48, respectively. The marketing efficiency of snail marketers was 114.84%. The variables transportation cost, selling price, market levies, quantity of snail sold, loading and offloading cost influence profitability of its marketing. The major constraints affecting snail marketing were insufficient showed in credit facilities, transportation cost, price fluctuation, inadequate market information and inadequate storage facilities. The most predominant snail marketing channel was producer-wholesalers-retailers-consumers. The study concluded that giant African Land snail marketing was a profitable venture in the study area. The formation of cooperative societies is recommended and should be encouraged to enhance marketing especially in the area of purchasing large quantity

Antimicrobial enhancement of Red onion crude extract using Epsilon-polylysine

Phakawan, J., Tepsorn, R. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The antimicrobial activities of red onion extract were investigated by using 50% ethanol solution and combination with epsilon-polylysine against 5 strains of foodborne microorganisms. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidial Concentration (MBC) were determined using Macrobroth dilution method against selected test organism including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The MIC of red onion crude extract (ROE) was ranged from 15.00 to 19.00 % (w/v) and the MBC was ranged from 25.00 to 35.00 % (w/v). For epsilon-polylysine (EPL), the MIC was ranged from 0.0150 to 0.0400 % (w/v) and the MBC was ranged from 0.0300 to 0.0650 % (w/v). In addition, the results from the determination of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FIC_index) of the combination between red onion crude extract and epsilon-polylysine using Checkerboard assay against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were 0.50, 0.50, 0.50, 0.50 and 0.75, respectively. These FIC_index values indicated the synergistic activity. The study on the efficacy of the combination system were also determined by Time Killing analysis without interfering substances. The result indicated that the antimicrobial activity of combination system was depended on the concentration of red crude extract and epsilon-polylysine. Therefore, synergistic effect of red crude extract and epsilon-polylysine potentially enhances their antimicrobial activities and may be used as an alternative natural antimicrobial material for food preservative

The effects of sous-vide cooking on the physicochemical, microbiological, and carbon footprint of buffalo meat at various temperatures and times

Phoemchalard, C., Tathong, T., Pornanek, P. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The effects of temperature (55, 59, or 70℃) and time (24 or 48 h) on pH, surface color, browning index (BI), cooking loss (CL), color changes (∆), muscle shrinkage, shear force (SF), toughness, textural profile analysis (TPA), microbial content, and carbon footprint in sous-vide-cooked buffalo meat were examined. These quality parameters were compared with traditional cooking (TC; 80℃ for 30 min). The results showed that meat cooked by TC had higher SF, toughness, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness than the other sous-vide treatments. A temperature and time combination showed a major increase in pH, a*, b*, ∆E, BI, and cohesiveness but a reduction of ∆a*, toughness, and microbial content. The CL, transversal shrinkage (TS), SF, hardness, gumminess, and carbon footprint increased with increased temperature. Almost all instrumental texture values, particularly hardness, were decreased with prolonged time. Among sous-vide treatments, the lower TS, shear tests, and almost all texture profiles were found in samples cooked at 55°C for 48 h. Compared to raw meat, there was no risk of inadequate pasteurization in cooked treatments. Thus, the results concluded that sous-vide cooking had a key advantage in retaining moisture, supplying tender meat (55°C-48 h and 59°C-24 h ), and minimizing carbon footprint (55- and 59°C-24h)

Yield stability of new elite lines of yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis Verdc.)

Pornsuriya, P., Pornsuriya, P., Kwun-on, P., Chittawanij, A. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The yield trials of new elite lines of yardlong bean under nine environments revealed that they differently responded to multi-environments for horticultural traits and yield. Genotype-environment interactions were significantly found (P < 0.01) for the days of anthesis, pod length, seeds per pod, pod weight and yield per hectare. Significant differences (P < 0.01) of yield were observed for genotypes, environments, and genotype-environment interaction. Stability analysis after Eberhart and Russell’s model suggested that non-linear component was more important than linear component for determining the yield stability. Based on stability parameters, line No.30 was identified as stable for yield since it gave high yield (14.17 t/ha), high positive phenotypic index (P_i > 0), regression coefficient around unity (b_i = 1), and deviation from regression value around zero ( = 0). Bangpra2 and No.25 lines also gave high yield but their deviations from regression were highly significant, it clearly shown that these 2 lines were unpredictable expected by linear regression. However, considering their yields from various environments, they were suitable for highly favorable environments but under poor environments. Environmental index which directly reflected the poor and rich environment in terms of negative and positive of yield revealed that environments 1 and 2 were rich environments, and environments 6 and 9 were poor environments.

Supplementation of synbiotic in diets of Thai native chicken: the effect on its production performance, intestinal histomorphology and carcass quality

Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

This syudy focused on the effect of synbiotic supplementation in Thai native chicken diets, on production efficiency and morphology in the intestines of chickens where Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and BACTOSAC-P® were used as synbiotic sources, respectively. The results showed that final weight, ADG, and FCR were statistically different. (P<0.05) with values of 2,422.35, 2,497.40, 2,585.70 and 2,599.12, (g); 25.45, 26.25, 27.25, and 27.44, (g/day); 2.98, 2.92, 2.74, and 2.86 respectively. While, the values of villous height, cryptal depth, lactic acid bacteria and NH₃ production were not statistically different. Carcass quality studies showed that the total internal organ was significantly reduced. (P<0.05) with values of 11.78 10.32 10.26 and 10.18 (%), respectively. However with, meat quality,it was found that the lightness (L*value) was significantly reduced (P<0.05) with values of 50.51, 48.81, 48.90, and 49.61, respectively and the reflectance of redness (a*) was significantly increased (P<0.05) with values of 1.57, 1.92, 1.96, and 1.81 respectively. Overall, the synbiotic supplementation from Jerusalem artichoke and BACTOSAC-P® can increase growth parameters of Thai native black-tailed chickens, including weight gain, final weight, ADG and FCR. Increased villi height from synbiotic. feed supplementation suggests increased efficiency of nutrient absorption and improved chickens’helalth

Isolation and characterization of actinobacteria with antibacterial and plant growth-promoting activities from maoberry cultivated soil in Northeast Thailand

Sangsila, A., Pimda, W., Jorjong, S., Promden, W. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

A total of five actinomycetes were isolated from 20 soil samples collected after 12 months of paclobutrazol application at maoberry cultivation sites in Sakon Nakhon province, Northeast Thailand. The five actinomycetes isolates, namely SM-11, SM-31, SM-51, SM-52, and SM-53, were identified based on morphological characters, particularly pigment production, and then tested for antibacterial and plant growth-promoting activities. The results showed that the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of the isolate SM-31 both exhibited excellent bacterial activities against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. Similar results were observed for the ethanolic extract of SM-31. Meanwhile, the isolates SM-11 and SM-31 displayed the best plant growth-promoting activities compared to the other isolates. Based on 16s rRNA gene and phylogenetic tree, the potential isolates belonged to Streptomyces (SM-11 and SM-31) and Amycolatopsis (SM-51) genera. The isolate SM-11 showed 99.66% similarity to Streptomyces roietensis strain WES2, Streptomyces xylanilyticus strain SR2-123 and Streptomyces mexicanus strain NBRC 100915. The isolate SM-31 displayed 99.83% similarity to S. tibetensis strain XZ 46, S. hawaiiensis strain ISP 5042, and S. coeruleofuscus strain CSSP429. Moreover, the isolate SM-51 is mostly related to Amycolatopsis rhabdoformis strain SB026 with 99.51% similarity. Overall, this study revealed that the selected actinobacteria recovered from maoberry cultivation sites served as a candidate to be explored as a source of bioactive compounds

The art and myth of organic agriculture for nature conservation and sustainable food production: perspective of Bangladesh

Sarker, M. A. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Bangladesh has really plenty of opportunities to promote organic agriculture in producing safe food for its huge malnourished population and maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems as well as conserve the nature. Moreover, due to having pro-poor attributes, organic agriculture of Bangladesh can provide better income for the smallholder organic growers through lowering production costs and ensuring premium prices. However, public sector research and extension agencies need to have some massive programme to remove farmers’ confusion and link organic farmers with market. In addition, Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Commerce need to work jointly for introducing certification for organic produces that might create quicker access of Bangladesh’s organic produces in global organic market that will ultimately contribute in national economy and wide spread rural poverty reduction through export earnings

Extraction and antioxidant activities of broken Ganoderma lucidum spore

Senphan, T., Takeungwongtrakul, S., Kaewthong, P. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Soxhlet and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods showed the highest extraction yield and total phenolic content of extract from broken spores of Ganoiderma lucidum (p<0.05). However, the extraction time of MAE method was shorter than the soxhlet extraction method. The broken spores of G. Lucidum were extracted using different solvent types with MAE method. Ethanol extraction rendered extract with the highest total phenolic content and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value (p<0.05). For metal chelating activity, ethanol and hexane extracts were significantly high compared to other extracts of broken G. lucidum spores (p<0.05). Thus, the use of appropriated extraction method and solvent type rendered to extract with high total phenolic content and antioxidant activities.

Allelopathic effect of sorghum root extract and its potential use as a bioherbicide

Setyowati, N., Nurjanah, U., Utami, R. S., Muktamar, Z., Fahrurrozi, F. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The bioherbicide of sorghum root extract had a significant effect on seed germination. It inhibited the seedling growth of test plants, i.e., rice (Oryza sativa) and mung bean (Vigna radiata). The test plant treatment significantly affected the radicle and plumule length, radicle and plumule fresh weight, and the radicle and plumule dry weight. Bioherbicide concentration, on the other hand, affected all observed variables i.e. normal and abnormal sprouts, radicle and plumule length, and radicle and plumule weight. The percentage of normal and abnormal sprouts, radicle and plumule length, and radicle fresh weight correlated with the test plant and bioherbicide concentration. The higher the concentration of sorghum root extract, the lower the normal sprouts, radicle length, plumula length, and the fresh weight of mung bean (representing broad-leaf weed) and rice (representing narrow-leaf weeds). The regression analysis showed that LC 50% sorghum root extract was 5.24% for rice and 4.93% for mung bean. In summary, sorghum root extract can be a bioherbicide to control both narrow and broadleaf weeds in marginal land of coastal environment.

Effects of natural colorants on physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of Nham

Singkhum, U., Kangkun, W. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Nham is a traditional fermented meat product of Thailand made from ground pork. In the production process, chemicals such as nitrate or nitrite compound are commonly used as the ingredients to maintain its pink color. However, if these chemicals are used in improper amounts, they may be harmful to the customer’s health. In this study, the effects of three natural colorants, rosella flower powder, tomato powder, and safflower powder at three levels (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% w/w) were reported by comparing with the control formula and the formulas containing sodium nitrite. The results showed that, pH values decreased and total acidity represented by lactic acid content increased continuously as the fermentation time increased. An increase in natural colorant content resulted in decrease in lightness (L*) and increase in redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). All three types of natural colorants at all levels affected the texture characteristics and sensory acceptance (p<0.05), but had no effect on proximate composition of Nham (p≥0.05). All types of natural colorant at all levels resulted in higher hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness compare to the control formula. Nham samples with 0.4% and 0.6% tomato powder showed no difference in sensory scores for color, flavor, taste, and firmness compared to the control formula (p≥0.05). Nham sample with 0.4% tomato powder showed the highest sensory scores for all attributes. Thus, 0.4% w/w tomato power was shown to be the optimum natural colorant as an alternative to nitrate and nitrite in Nham products

The Diversity of Terrestrial Earthworm in Agricultural Land and Adjacent areas, Uttaradit Province, Thailand

Somniyam, P., Lapmak, K. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The diversity of terrestrial earthworms was studied in 4 sub-districts of Uttaradit Province namely; Numrid, Kungtapao, Pasao, and Hadkruad. The earthworms and soil samples were collected in 6 land types consisted of rice field, vegetable plantation, Crop plantation, Orchard, Grove, and Residential area. Results showed that 24 earthworm species in 5 families were founded. Pontoscolex corethrurus was the only one of the family GLOSSOSCOLECIDAE. We founded 15 species of the family MEGASCOLECIDAE, 3 species of the family MONILIGASTRIDAE, 4 species of the family OCTOCHAETIDAE, and 1 species of ALMIDAE. Of these, 10 were supposed to be new species. The most diversity of earthworm species was found in the Pasao sub-district (21 species). The highly abundant species were M. posthuma, M. peguana, and M. houlleti respectively. The population density of earthworms was significantly different in June and August; highly in vegetable plantation areas followed by residential areas respectively

In vitro effect of Callistemon viminalis and Melaleuca cajuputi ethanolic extracts as botanical fungicide and insecticide

Somnuek, S., Thipmanee, K., Jaenaksorn, T. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Effect of ethanolic extracts of Callistemon viminalis (EECV) and Melaleuca cajuputi (EEMC) leaves was evaluated in laboratory against plant pathogenic fungus (Alternaria sp.) and plant insect pests (Aphis craccivora and Phenacoccus manihoti). Regarding the study on botanical fungicide, the combined formulas of EECV and EEMC (5000 ppm) in ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 were tested on mycelial growth and spore germination of tested fungus. The results revealed that all tested formulas of plant extracts gave significant inhibition on mycelial growth and spore germination in the ranges of 27.5-92.7% and 75-100%, respectively. However, the EEMC itself was unexpectedly found highly effective than the combined formulas. In the case of insecticidal activity, the preliminary experiment of EECV and EEMC (2000, 10000 and 20000 ppm) was performed on aphid and mealybug. The result presented that all concentrations of EECV and EEMC significantly showed the mortality effect on aphid and mealybug about 5-100%. In addition, the EECV and EEMC at 2000 and 10000 ppm showed a repellency of about 5-55%. Then, both plant extracts at 2500, 5000, 10000 and 20000 ppm concentrations were tested to those insects. The 100% mortality of aphid and mealybug was found in the highest concentration of EECV and EEMC while 2500-10000 ppm concentrations showed in the range of 38-98%. The 100% repellency capacity was observed at 10000 ppm concentration. Therefore, two Myrtaceae ethanolic extracts are promising to be used as a natural pesticide in controlling Alternaria and insect pests in laboratory.

Factors affecting a Twin Roller Groundnut Sheller on Shelling Performance

Srila, M., Pachanawan, A., Chuan-Udom, S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

In order to develop a twin roller groundnut sheller, an understanding of this machine’s optimal performance factors is needed. Testing different shelling roller speeds and rolle - r clearances was investigated. The rollers used in this study were 50.80 mm in diameter and 200 mm long. The results showed that the optimal roller speed was 250 rpm, whilst the optimal roller speed differential was 35 rpm, providing a shelling efficiency of 81.15% and grain breakage of 9.80%. The optimal roller clearance was 10 mm providing a shelling efficiency of 88.30% with grain breakage of 5.26%

The inhibition of seed germination treated with water extract of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L.) cultivated in Histosols

Susilo, E., Setyowati, N., Nurjannah, U., Riwandi, Muktamar, Z. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Allelopathy is a form of suppressing plant growth due to the release of toxins into the surrounding plants. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L.) is a plant producing an allelopathic compound. Abiotic stress to sorghum planted in Histosols can determine the allelochemical release process. Application of an aqueous sorghum extract can control weeds nearby the main crop. The inhibition of seed germination treated with water extract of sorghum grown in marginal lands (Histosols) with different pattern of water application is determined. A watering pattern consisted of wet, alternate of a week wet and dry pattern, alternate of a week dry and wet pattern, dry and Ultisols (as a control). The concentration of root water extract of sorghum consisted of 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0%, and 25.0%. The results showed that the highest inhibition of sorghum seed germination was under 7.5-10% concentration of water extract at dry Histosols as indicated by the lowest plumula and radicle fresh and dry weight. This finding indicated that drought stress sorghum in Histosols produces the highest allelopathic compound. Therefore, the plant has the potential as a source of bioherbicides.

Carbon emission equivalent of selected agroforestry systems in Zamboanga City, Philippines

Tabal, E. P., Mendoza, T. C., Paelmo, R. F., Garcia, J. N. M., Visco, R. G. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The study was estimated the carbon emission equivalent expressed in tCO_2e ha^-1 derived from the individual energy inputs of the nine (9) major agroforestry systems (AFSs) identified across the 16 community-based forest management (CBFM) sites located mostly in the hilly and mountainous portion of Zamboanga City, Philippines. The energy input was calculated as direct energy input (DEI), indirect energy input (IEI) and embedded energy input (EEI) from the various cultural and management practices that falls on pre-land preparation, crop establishment, crop care and maintenance, harvest and postharvest operations. The total energy input (TEI) is the sum total of DEI, IEI and EEI computed in Mcal ha^-1. All Mcal units were then converted into Liter Diesel Oil Equivalent (LDOE), where 1.0 LDOE = 11.414 Mcal = 3.96 kg CO₂ equivalent emission LDOE^-1. The total CO₂ emission equivalent ranged from 2.01-4.09 tCO_2e ha^-1 across the 9 AFSs. Of this amount, the DEI, IEI and EEI contributed 1.6-5.4%, 94.1-98.0% and 0.35-0.53%, respectively. The high CO₂ emission equivalent of IEI was attributed to high usage of external inputs such as inorganic fertilizers particularly N fertilizer, pesticides and labor. Other factors associated to high energy usage and its net carbon emission equivalent includes plant density and number of agricultural crop species present within an AFS. Understanding the significant contributions of various energy-intensive systems delineated into DEI, IEI and EEI will help policy makers and local planners to initiate a ‘green agriculture economy’ – a food production system with reduced energy and carbon footprints responsive to changing climate with higher economic potential for the upland growers in the City of Zamboanga, Philippines

Antimicrobial susceptibility of chili extracts against foodborne pathogens and food related bacteria

Thavornsawadi, K., Ngamlerst, C., Phakawan, J., Tepsorn, R. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activities of chili crude extract was inestigated using aqueous, 50 and 95% (v/v) ethanol. Chili crude extract demonstrated inhibitory potential against 25 tested microorganisms, including foodborne pathogens and food-related bacteria. The chili crude extract using 95% (v/v) ethanol solution had the highest efficacy on microbial inhibition. Time-killing analysis were evaluated. The lowest MIC and MBC of 25 bacterial stains was found in Vibrio cholerae DMST 9700 at 0.5% and 1.0% respectively. According to the Time killing analysis, the results indicated that the completed destruction phenomenon of bacterial mixture was detected at the concentration of more than 10.0%w/v of chili crude extract.

Effect of seed coating with fluorescent compound on quality and fluorescence of cucumber seeds

Thiphinkong, D. , Sikhao, P. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The quality and fluorescence of seed after coating with fluorescent compound on cucumber was investigated. The results showed that the coated seed with all types of fluorescent compound had a fluorescence when examined by using a portable ultraviolet light projector. The coated seed with coating substance mixed with Rhodamine had the clearest fluorescence. All the coated seed with coating substance mixed with fluorescence compound were specifically emissions spectra observed from a spectrofluorophotometer. In addition, there were also not affected germination and germination index of seed. In summary, coating with coating substance mixed with Rhodamine is an effective and convenient to mark any cucumber seed lot for provide identity and other qualifications as well as preventing counterfeiting of seeds

Functionality of insulin plant (Costus igneus) leaf extracts

Trapse, M. J. L., Solomon, J. R., Jacob, J. K. S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Costus igneus, a native of South and Central America, is commonly known as the insulin plant that belongs to family Costaceae. This plant is a perennial, upright, and spreading, growing to a height of two (2) feet with the tallest stems falling and lying on the ground. Studies claim that consumption of its leaves lowers blood glucose levels. Results showed that seven out of nine active phytochemical compounds tested was present in C. igneus ethanolic leaf extracts, namely: tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Disc diffusion assay revealed that the ethanol extract has exhibited a 20.73 mm and 20.86 mm zones of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus respectively. Furthermore, LC₅₀of 2.88 was observed in lethality assay after 24 hours using probit analysis. Based on these observations, the ethanolic extracts of C. igneus contains active biochemical compounds that contributes to its potentiality as antibacterial agent against common food-borne bacteria and can be further studied as anticancer agent due to its high levels of toxicity against A. salina.

Biological activities of extracts and beauvericin from Cordyceps cateniannulata CPA14V

Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

Antioxidant activities in vitro were recorded for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities (liver cancer cells (HepG2), prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and normal cells (Vero)) of the extract of ethanol (CCM), n-hexane (CCH), dichloromethane (CCD), ethyl acetate (CCE), and water (CCW), and a cyclooligomer depsipeptide, beauvericin (CC1) from Cordyceps cateniannulata CPA14V. The results showed that CCD contained the main compound, beauvericin (CC1) and exhibited higher activities than the other extracts. Especially, CCD and CC1 displayed good cytotoxicity against HepG2 and PC-3 cell lines with IC₅₀ values from 19.17 to 45.29 µg/mL; the CCM and CCD exhibited good free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity with SC₅₀ values of 102.95 and 86.87 μg/mL, respectively; CC1 demonstrated potent antimicrobial activities with MIC value of 100 μg/mL (for Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Fusarium oxysporum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and MIC value of 200 μg/mL (for Bacillus subtillis, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), CCM inhibited E. coli and C. albicans with MIC values of 200 μg/mL and A. niger with MIC values of 100 μg/mL. In addition, all samples did not show cytotoxicity to normal cells (Vero) at the tested concentrations

Crossbreeding strategy evaluation between Boer and local Indonesian goat based on pre-weaning traits

Widyas, N., Nugroho, T., Ratriyanto, A., Prastowo, S. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The livestock industry in Indonesia is dominated by smallholder farmers. Crossbreeding between local and exotic breeds is a common practice by these farmers in order to improve productivity. This study is evaluated the crossbreeding strategy between Boer goat and Jawarandu goats by observing the pre-weaning traits. In total of 3,815 records were obtained from the kids born between 2012–2015. The recorded data of offspring from three mating scenarios: B×B (Boer and Boer), B×J (Boer and Jawarandu), and B×(B×J) (Boer bucks and B×J does) were investigated. The birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and average daily gain (ADG) were analysed. For all traits, B×B kids were compared to the other sub-populations. Genetic parameters for each trait were estimated using univariate animal models and solved via average information restricted maximum likelihood (AI-REML) procedures. The heritability of BW were 0.38±0.12, 0.41±0.0 and 0.12±0.07, respectively, and weaning weights were 0.12±0.07, 0.24±0.07 and 0.08±0.06, respectively. The heritability for ADG were 0.13±0.07, 0.14±0.05, and 0.06±0.05 for B×B, B×J, and B×(B×J) sub-populations, respectively. Genetic correlations among pre-weaning traits were generally high (>70%), while the phenotypic correlations were low to moderate. A crossbreeding system in which the two parental breeds were maximally differed as the best scenario. It produced higher additive genetic variability, corresponding to the higher chance of improvement through between-breed selection on pre-weaning traits.

Study on status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal populations in some pastures of Turkey

Dilsiz, A., Rezaee Danesh, Y., Sagun, Ç., Kaya Özdoğan, D., Koyuncu, N. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal populations in soil and root samples collected from different pastures of Turkey was studied. Soil physicochemical parameters as well as AM fungal population parameters including spore density (SD), frequency of mycorrhization (F%) and intensity of mycorrhization (M%) were measured and compared in soil and root samples. The correlation between these parameters was also determined. The fungal spores from soils with the highest population indices were propagated, purified and morphologically identified. The significant differences were observed on physicochemical parameters as well as AM fungal population indices among different soil samples and regions. The maximum and minimum averages of fungal spore density, mycorrhizal frequency and intensity of mycorrhization were observed in Sinop and Aydın soils, respectively. Also, a positive correlation was observed between fungal spore density and intensity of mycorrhization in different sampling regions. The results showed that there is a negative correlation between AM fungal indices (spore density and mycorrhizal colonization intensity) with soil EC, pH, available P, and available K. On the other hand, a positive correlation could be observed between AM fungal indices and soil organic matter. Based on morphological methods, 4 definite and 2 indefinite AMF species were identified after fungal propagation. The definite fungal species were Funneliformis caledonius, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, Rhizophagus intraradices and Glomus versiforme. The indefinite species were Glomus sp. and Paraglomus sp.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the bacterial causal agents of sugar beet soft rot and vascular necrosis disease in Southeastern Iran

Rezaee Danesh, Y., Rastgou, M., Kariman, K. — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 00:00:00 +0700

The bacterial soft rot and vascular necrosis disease in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera) can be caused by different bacteria such as Pectobacterium betavasculorum and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. During the 2018-2019 growing season, tissue samples from symptomatic sugar beet plants were collected from sugar beet growing areas in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. Totally, thirty-one bacterial isolates were isolated from the symptomatic tissues, of which nineteen isolates were identified as Pectobacterium spp., nine isolates as Bacillus spp. and three isolates as Flavobacterium spp. based on the phenotypic and biochemical tests. Pectobacterium isolates were further characterized by PCR amplification (using the EXPCCF/EXPCCR primer set) and genomic fingerprinting by rep-PCR. Only 27% of the Pectobacterium isolates were identified as P. carotovorum, while 73% of the isolates were identified as P. betavasculorum. Artificial inoculation of isolates into the wounded sugar beet petioles led to black streaking, root rot and vascular necrosis from which the same bacterial isolates were re-isolated and identified. PCR assays using BOX and ERIC primers, and combined assays clearly differentiated the bacterial isolates, indicating high variability among the isolates. The results shed light on the bacterial causal agents of the sugar beet soft rot and vascular necrosis disease in southeastren Iran, identifying Pectobacterium isolates as the main causal agents (61% of all isolates), and uncovered the phenotypic/genetic variability among the bacterial isolates