International Journal of Agricultural Technology

Potential of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) lines/crosses for resistance to Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease and to pests in Thailand

Benchasri, S., Salaemae, N., Rattanapun, W., Takeda, S. — Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Studies of disease and pest resistance can assist in selecting heterotic cross models for the commercial exploitation of okra lines/crosses. Among twenty investigated lines, four lines of okra [KN-OYV-01 (P1), KN-OYV-02 (P2), LUCKYFILE 473 (P3) and RED FINGER (P4)] were identified as the best and subjected to full diallelic crosses to produce twelve F₁ hybrids. Then, the four parent lines, twelve F₁ hybrids and a commercial benchmark (OP line), were evaluated for prevalence and severity of the epidemiological factors of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease (OYVMD) and resistance to pests at Thaksin University. The experiments followed a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results revealed that the incidence of OYVMD ranged from 0.00 to 10.42%. Several crosses and parent lines, including P2, P4, P1xP2, P1xP4, P2xP1, P2xP3, P2xP4, P3xP2, P4xP1, P4xP2, exhibited immunity to Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV) with 0.00% infection rate. Among the pests that cause economic damage to okra, the lines tested were significantly different (P≤0.05) in responses to Aphis gossypii Glover, Thrips palmi Karny, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida, Bemisia tabaci Genn and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). The lowest counts of the pests A. gossypii Glover, T. palmi Karny, A. biguttula biguttula Ishida and B. tabaci Genn were recorded on P2xP1, P1, P1xP2 and P2 (3.25±0.92, 19.55±3.21, 2.11±4.45 and 1.10±1.24 insects/plant, respectively). In contrast, the OP line had the highest levels of infestation by A. gossypii Glover, T. palmi Karny, A. biguttula biguttula Ishida, B. tabaci Genn, H. armigera (Hübner) and leaf miners at 9.34±1.04, 45.84±84.21, 14.99±4.42, 9.14±2.22, 0.06±0.10 and 0.75±0.33 insects/plant, respectively. Moreover, the highest trichome density was recorded on P2 line (142.45±3.24 cm² leaf area), while the OP line exhibited the least number of trichomes (102.21±3.80 cm² leaf area). Thus, the trichomes are a major factor in the resistance of okra against diseases and pests.

Enhancing macronutrient uptake and growth of soybean in coastal areas through integrated biofertilizer applications

Bertham, Y. H., Sukisno., Utami, K. , Sari, S. P. — Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Results showed that the incorporation of soybean cultivars with microbial and bioenzyme-based biofertilizers markedly improved soil quality, plant growth, and macronutrient absorption in comparison to inorganic fertilizers. Anjasmoro had the most biomass and nutrient buildup, while Dega I and Dering I had moderate responses. Biofertilizer treatments raised the pH of the soil, as well as the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the tissue. They also made better use of nutrients overall. These results showed that combining better cultivars with biofertilizers could be a long-term way to improve soybean growth and reduce the need for chemical inputs.

Analysis of peat soil physical properties under different land uses in Seluma Regency, South Sumatera

Hermawan, B., Novitha, T. R., Faiz Barchia, M., Elsa, L. P. — Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that rubber plantations had the lowest bulk density (0.35 ton/m³) and the highest permeability (87.87 cm/hour), while paddy fields had the highest bulk density (0.66 ton/m³) and the lowest permeability (5.87 cm/hour). The highest total pore space was found in rubber plantations (74.56%), whereas paddy fields had the lowest pore space in the subsoil (56.02%). Water content was highest in the subsoil of rubber plantations (38.46%) and lowest in shrubland (22.22%). The highest organic C-content was observed in rubber plantations (33.68%), while the lowest was in paddy fields (9.6%). Oil palm plantations and paddy fields had more mature peat (sapric), whereas rubber plantations and shrubland maintained more natural peat conditions. Analysis using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, demonstrated that land use significantly affects peat soil's physical properties, particularly bulk density, total pore space, permeability, and water content. Land conversion influences peat subsidence and decomposition, highlighting the need for sustainable management to prevent land degradation and maintain ecosystem balance.

Geographic and genetic diversity of edible Tylopilus griseipurpureus in Vietnam’s Acacia hybrid plantations

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

An edible Tylopilus species has long been recorded in the Acacia plantation forests in Vietnam and is widely traded in local markets. In this study, mushroom specimens associated with Acacia plantations were collected from different geographical regions across Vietnam for analysis. Morphological examinations and phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large ribosomal subunit (nrLSU) sequence data confirmed that these specimens belong to Tylopilus griseipurpureus. The genetic diversity among 19 T. griseipurpureus specimens from across Vietnam was further investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers.

Influencing factors on consumer repurchase decisions for crispy jackfruit: A case study of a community enterprise in Chonburi province, Thailand

Jinakarn, W., Suwanmaneepong, S., Kerdsrisem, C. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The regression model was statistically significant (F = 23.625, p < 0.001) explaining 52.8% of the variance in repeat purchase decisions. Analysis found that two influencing factors that had a direct influence on repeat purchase intention: product (β = 0.333, p < 0.001) and price (β = 0.195, p = 0.024). The product was the most significant predictor. In contrast, demographic aspects and other marketing mix elements (place and promotion) did not present any significant relationship with repeat purchase behaviour. These results suggested that for the jackfruit community enterprise, preserving a competitive advantage is critical and the promotion of repeat purchases mainly relies on maintaining high standard of products and confidence in the perceived value at the price. There should be emphasized on these core components as part of marketing strategy as well as the use of distribution and promotional activities for new customer acquisition.

Adoption of rice straw pellet organic fertilizer among rice farmers: A case study in Nong Phak Nak Subdistrict, Suphan Buri Province, Thailand

Junlek, P, Poungsuk, P., Thongsuk, W. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The findings revealed that, prior to the training, most of the participants did not use organic fertilizer even though they had basic awareness, this was probably mainly due to perceived production complexity and delayed nutrient release. It was that there was a hightest level of quality of the instructional video materials (mean = 4.46). Besides, farmers’ knowledge significantly increased after the training (t = 19.47, p < 0.05), This implied that there was a large training effect on the acquired knowledge (Cohen’s d > 3.0). As a whold, the participant satisfaction with the training program was found at a highest level (mean = 4.32). This was particularly ontraining content and practical activities. As a whole, findings showed that participatory training combined with appropriate instructional media effectively enhanced participant knowledge, satisfaction, and adoption of rice straw pellet organic fertilizer. results showed the practical implications for extension in agricultural e programs to promote organic fertilizer application which produced from local resources in rice farming systems.

The adoption of farm machinery among rice farmers: A pairwise correlation analysis of eight farm machinery

Kamondetdacha, R. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Farmers’ adoption of farm machinery is prioritized based on the perceived importance and profitability of each piece of equipment. Furthermore, farmers are more likely to use a variety of machinery rather than a single piece of equipment to complete jobs more efficiently. When establishing policy initiatives to promote diversified adoption, it is essential to consider the interrelationships among machinery to avoid biased findings or misinterpretations. Consequently, correlated adoption patterns of various machinery types – whether adopted together or separately – may be more relevant than simply modeling adoption intensity. This study investigated farm machinery adoption among 93 rice farmers in Nong Saeng district, Saraburi province, Thailand, using pairwise correlation analysis. The findings revealed pairwise correlations between the eight categories of farm machinery, with varying signs and levels of significance. Significant positive correlations were identified between knapsack sprayers and combine harvesters (r_s = 0.4626, p < 0.01), water pumps and lawnmowers (r_s = 0.2604, p < 0.05), and combine harvesters and truck carriers (r_s = 0.2543, p < 0.05). Conversely, significant negative correlations were found between wheel ploughs and tractors (r_s = -0.2753, p < 0.01) and wheel ploughs and lawnmowers (r_s = -0.3083, p < 0.01). From a policy standpoint, significant positive correlations suggest the potential effectiveness of bundled support. Significant negative correlations may indicate technological transitions, highlighting a need for targeted support for farmers using outdated equipment and incentives for modernization. Finally, weak or nonexistent correlations suggest unexploited synergies, which could be addressed through extension training programs focused on equipment complementarity to increase total farm efficiency.

Isolation and characterization of nanocellulose from water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes and its textile dye remediation

Akila Kesavan, Radhakrishnan Manikkam — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Cellulose isolated from the invasive aquatic weed Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) demonstrated significant potential as a sustainable nanomaterial for environmental applications. A high yield of cellulose (56.68 g per 100 g of dried biomass) was obtained through sequential chemical treatments. Structural and morphological characterization using SEM and TEM revealed the formation of well-defined nanofibrillar structures, while FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the successful removal of non-cellulosic components and the presence of crystalline cellulose with a crystallinity index of 50.5%. The isolated nanocellulose exhibited excellent dye adsorption capacity, achieving maximum removal efficiencies of 98% for malachite green, 74% for Congo red, 60% for methylene blue, and 32% for phenol red. These findings highlight the effective conversion of water hyacinth into value-added nanocellulose with promising application in textile dye remediation and wastewater treatment.

A study on the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of three medicinal plant crude extracts from Cannabis sativa, Mitragyna speciosa and Phyllanthus emblica

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

In the present study, medicinal plant crude extracts were prepared from cannabis (Cannabis sativa), kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) using four different solvents including ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and water. The methanolic crude extracts had the highest weight and percentage yield, whereas the aqueous crude extracts exhibited the lowest values. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts against three Helicobacter pylori strains (ATCC 43504, 2888, and BK364) was evaluated using the spot-on-lawn method. The obtained results indicated that all medicinal plant crude extracts had an inhibitory effect against all tested H. pylori strains. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Cannabis sativa inhibited H. pylori strains ATCC 43504, 2888, and BK364 at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.02-0.05 mg/mL. Additionally, a synergistic effect between Cannabis sativa, Mitragyna speciosa, and Phyllanthus emblica was investigated using the checkerboard assay. The synergistic interaction was observed between the Cannabis sativa, Mitragyna speciosa, and Phyllanthus emblica extracts, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 2, indicating an indifferent effect when combined. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation revealed that the H. pylori cells were damaged after treatment with methanolic crude extracts of cannabis for 120 minutes.

Impact of harvesting stages on physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and enzymatic digestibility of durian flour

Khunnawat, P., Phuangborisut, S., Chanawanno, T., Mongkontanawat, N., Boonna, S. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The physicochemical, antioxidant, and digestive characteristics of the durian cv. Monthong flesh flour harvested at various maturity stages (90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, and 120 days post-full bloom) were examined. The lightness (L*) of durian flour decreased with the harvesting stage, along with the redness (a*), while the yellowness (b*) tended to increase. In addition, the total sugar content also rose with the maturation stage. The amylose content and DPPH antioxidant inhibition levels increased with the harvesting stage but declined at 120 days. Both 110-days and 115-days durian flours were selected for further study. Rapid Visco Analysis revealed an elevation in peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, and setback in 115-days durian flour, whereas their pasting temperatures were indifferent for both samples. The 110-days durian flour exhibited a slower glucose release compared to the 115-days durian flour, especially during the initial 60 min of digestion. Furthermore, the granule morphology of both durian flours, as observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, demonstrated pentagonal, angular, and irregular shapes. The 110-days durian flour had higher levels of protein, fat, crude fiber, and moisture content compared to that from 115- days. This result indicated that harvesting durians at 110 days is found to be optimal for producing durian flour with functional attributes, in terms of antioxidant inhibition and a low glucose release rate, making it suitable as a functional food component.

Dorsal fin morphology and phylogenetic insights in bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium spp.)

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Two closely related species, C. hasseltii and C. griseum, showed overlapping shape variations in their first dorsal fins. However, the proportions of the first dorsal fin height/total length and the first dorsal fin inner margin/total length were observed to be significantly different between these two species. This difference can be integrated into the dichotomous key for Chiloscyllium. Phylogenetic analysis based on the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene was consistent with the morphology of the first dorsal fin, indicating that C. punctatum differs from other Chiloscyllium species. However, phylogenetic tree based on the NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) gene fragments grouped the clade of C. punctatum with other clades of Chiloscyllium. Most Chiloscyllium species formed monophyletic groups based on the two gene fragments, except for C. hasseltii and C. griseum, which clustered together. This research provides practical knowledge for field-based species identification and accurate classification within the genus Chiloscyllium, enhances our understanding of its phylogenetic relationships, and supports the future development of a field guide.

Efficiency of Moina micrura as live food for African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fry growth and survival

Lumigat, J. C., Carillo, I. A., Sotto, A., Dela Cruz, A., Pengson, L. M. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The rearing of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fry heavily relies on the availability and quality of live food sources during early development stages. While Tubifex sp. worms have traditionally been used in aquaculture, concerns regarding pathogen transmission and environmental contamination have prompted the exploration of alternative options. The ad libitum feeding of M. micrura demonstrated the highest growth rates, with significant increase in Specific Growth Rate in weight (12.06±0.47%/day), Specific Growth Rate in length (5.13±0.6%/day), Absolute Growth Rate in length (0.07±0.003 cm/day), and Length gain (1.44±0.07) compared to other treatments. Nevertheless, the survival rate of ad libitum feeding showed no significant difference from that of different treatments. It is concluded that fry fed in ad libitum can reach 1-inch in length for 21 days of rearing. Additionally, based on the observations, a single fry could consume more than 50 M. micrura per day. However, in the first few days of feeding, a single fry could only consume 30-40 M. micrura per day.

Efficiency of a solar-powered automated drip irrigation system in enhancing yield and quality of durian and mangosteen in Eastern Thailand

Makhonpas, C., Thongkamngam, T., Anutrakinchai, S., Wiangsamut, B. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The results demonstrated that irrigation system significantly influenced flowering, fruit set, yield components, and fruit quality in both durian and mangosteen. The solar-powered automated drip irrigation system (SPADIS) produced significantly higher flowering percentages than the conventional sprinkler emitter irrigation system (CSEIS) in durian (78.40 ± 1.80% vs. 68.50 ± 2.20%, P < 0.01) and mangosteen (55.80 ± 2.00% vs. 45.20 ± 1.60%, P < 0.01). Fruit set in both durian and mangosteen was significantly enhanced under SPADIS compared with CSEIS. Regarding yield components, SPADIS significantly increased the number of fruits per tree in durian (25.40 ± 2.10) and mangosteen (115.00 ± 10.50). Total fruit weight was significantly higher in mangosteen under SPADIS (52.00 ± 4.20 kg/tree) than under CSEIS (48.00 ± 3.80 kg/tree), while durian yield was also significantly greater under SPADIS (88.00 ± 8.50 kg/tree). In terms of fruit quality, total soluble solids (TSS) were significantly higher under SPADIS in both durian (33.50 ± 0.80 °Brix) and mangosteen (19.50 ± 0.60 °Brix) (P < 0.01). In contrast, CSEIS produced significantly firmer durian fruit (14.50 ± 0.90 N), whereas mangosteen fruit firmness was significantly higher under SPADIS (8.20 ± 0.40 N). Linear regression analysis revealed strong positive relationships between irrigation input and flowering under SPADIS in durian (R² = 0.85, P < 0.01) and mangosteen (R² = 0.79, P < 0.05), as well as between irrigation input and total soluble solids (TSS) under SPADIS for durian (R² = 0.89) and mangosteen (R² = 0.81). Furthermore, significant interactions between plant species and irrigation system (A × B) were detected for flowering, TSS, and fruit firmness.

Analysis of phenolic compounds and antifungal potential of arabica coffee pulp extract using acidified ethanol extraction

Matnork, S., Kunasakdakul, K., Whangchai, K., Chanasut, U. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Extraction of Coffea arabica pulp with 70% ethanol acidified with 1% HCl yielded the highest recovery of bioactive compounds, including TPC (41.82±0.99 mg GAE/g DW), TFC (424.69±7.19 mg QE/g DW), and TTC (40.87±2.10 mg TAE/g DW), alongside superior antioxidant activity (The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays demonstrated the lowest IC₅₀ values, whereas the FRAP assay revealed the highest antioxidant capacity). The highest chlorogenic acid content (13.17±0.04 mg/g DW) occurred in the 50% ethanol, whereas the 70% ethanol yielded the greatest caffeine concentration (39.45±0.09 mg/g DW). Antifungal assays demonstrated that immersion of Penicillium digitatum mycelial plugs in coffee pulp extract (0.1 g/mL) for 5–10 min completely inhibited growth (100%), whereas shorter immersion times (1–3 min) produced only partial inhibition (9.18–23.47%). These findings confirmed that acidified ethanol extraction efficiently recovered phytochemicals and caffeine from coffee pulp, and that the resulting extract exhibited strong antifungal activity against green mold in tangerine fruits, highlighting its potential as a sustainable postharvest disease management strategy.

Impact of botanical essential oils on pupation and survival of Musca domestica L.

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Among the tested botanical extracts, Illicium verum (star anise) essential oil at 10% demonstrated the highest efficacy in disrupting normal pupal development. Only 65.00% of individuals successfully emerged as fully developed adults after a 10-day exposure period. A notable proportion exhibited transitional deformities, particularly malformed pupal-adult intermediates, indicating interference with metamorphic progression. In comparison, cypermethrin, a commonly applied synthetic insecticide at the same concentration, resulted in a lower mortality rate of 39.67% under identical experimental conditions. The superior performance of star anise oil highlighted its potential as a plant-derived alternative for insect control. These findings suggested that the incorporation of such natural products into integrated pest management strategies may reduce dependence on conventional synthetic chemicals.

Integrating soybean variety and biofertilizer management to improve nutrient uptake and yield in coastal regions facing climate change

Nusantara, A. D., Bertham, Y. H., Arifin, Z. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed significant interactions were found between soybean variety and fertilizer treatment for N, P, and K uptake, effective nodule dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. The highest N uptake (0.67 mg), P uptake (0.14 mg), K uptake (0.70 mg), and shoot dry weight (36.55 g) were achieved when the tested soybean variety was supplied with the biofertilizer package AMF + Bradyrhizobium + K-solubilizer (P2). In contrast, Anjasmoro receiving Bradyrhizobium + phosphate-solubilizer + K-solubilizer exhibited moderate P (0.13 mg) and K uptake (0.68 mg) but produced the greatest root dry weight (3.81 g). Overall, the results indicate differential varietal adaptability to coastal soils, with biological inputs (biofertilizers/bioenzymes) outperforming chemical fertilizer in improving nutrient uptake, nodulation effectiveness, and plant biomass, highlighting their potential as sustainable inputs for soybean production in coastal environments.

Sustainable superheated steam drying of unripe banana (Musa acuminata cv. Hom Thong): Effects on mathematical modeling

Phothisoot, T., Rattanapan, S. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Results indicated that the moisture ratio was significantly influenced by both drying temperature and slice thickness. Higher drying temperatures and thinner slices facilitated greater moisture migration during the drying process. Statistical analysis revealed that the modified Page model provided the best fit for estimating the moisture ratio of unripe banana slices with a 1 mm thickness (R² = 0.9963, RMSE = 0.0115, and χ² = 0.0001). For 2-mm and 3-mm thickness samples, the Page model performed better in describing the drying behavior. Both models were found to be effective in predicting the drying kinetics, demonstrating their potential for optimizing the SSD process in UBF production.

Effect of different aging methods and periods on physical and chemical beef qualities from Longissimus thoracis

Pilasombut, K., Paitheanchai, W., Prachom, N., Rakmae, S., Tavitchasri, P. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the aging method and aging period significantly (p<0.05) affected aging loss, trimming loss, and cooking loss. Aging loss and trimming loss of DA and DB beef were higher than those of WV and WS beef (p<0.05). However, cooking loss in WV and WS beef was higher than DA and DB beef. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed among aging methods in pH, colour (L*, a*, and b*), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), lipid oxidation (TBARS). Prolonged aging time (up to 4 weeks) resulted in more tender meat, while lipid oxidation increased (p<0.05). Additionally, beef colour changed significantly with increasing aging time (p<0.05). There were not different in percentage of fat, dry matter, ash, or moisture among aging method. However, DA and AB beef showed higher percentage of protein than WV and WS beef (p<0.05). These findings can be applied to develop for beef industry, particularly small-scale beef retailers and restaurants businesses, could be enhance value of premium grade beef in Thailand.

Study on the regeneration of sausage tree (Kigelia africana) by tissue culture

Poeaim, S., Poeaim, A. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigated the regeneration of sausage tree (Kigelia africana) using tissue culture techniques, focusing on callus induction, shoot regeneration from seeds, and root induction from shoot explants. Seeds were cultured on solid MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BA (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mg L⁻¹) for 10 weeks. Callus formation was observed at all BA concentrations, with the largest mean callus volume (5214.17 mm³) and highest induction rate (80%) achieved at 5 mg L⁻¹. Shoot regeneration occurred across all BA treatments, with the highest number of shoots (45 shoots; 86.54%) obtained on medium containing 1 mg L⁻¹ BA. Root induction was studied using shoot segments derived from seed-induced shoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with IAA, NAA, or IBA for 4 weeks. IAA at 0.5 mg L⁻¹ induced roots in 33.33% of explants with an average root length of 6.68 mm. NAA at 2 mg L⁻¹ promoted the highest root induction (70.83%), though roots were shorter, while 1 mg L⁻¹ NAA produced fewer roots but with greater length (7.00 mm). IBA at 3 mg L⁻¹ induced rooting in 33.33% of explants with an average root length of 3.78 mm and also stimulated callus formation, with the largest callus volume observed at 2 mg L⁻¹. These results demonstrate that BA is effective for callus and shoot induction, whereas IAA, NAA, and IBA promote root formation, with distinct responses at different concentrations. The optimized protocols provide a foundation for in vitro propagation, mass multiplication, and conservation of K. africana, with potential applications in biotechnology and secondary metabolite production.

Drought tolerance of Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 by tissue culture

Poeaim, S., Ngoenngam, L., Poeaim, A. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The multiple shoots induction of Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 was cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l TDZ. The percentage of shoot induction was 100%, the average number of shoots was 36.80 per seed, and the average height of shoots was 0.76 cm. The shoots were transferred to MS medium for rooting, supplemented with 0.3 mg/l IAA. The percentage of root induction was 40%, and the average number of roots was 6.50 per shoot. Physical gamma rays induced the mutation. Seeds were irradiated with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 50 Krad. The results showed that S. guianensis CIAT 184 irradiated at 44.38 Krad gave 50 % (GR₅₀₍₃₀₎) and 50% LD₅₀₍₃₀₎ of 38.06 Krad. The drought tolerance of seeds supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of PEG-6000. The GR₅₀ was 17.73 % at 2 weeks, and the LD₅₀ was 14.86 % and 11.83 % for 4 and 12 weeks, respectively.

Enhancing groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and yield using oil palm empty fruit bunch ash and urea fertilizer in Ultisols

Purba, P. I. S. , Hairani, P. M., Sudjatmiko, S. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that a significant interaction affected the number of partially filled pods per plant, dry seed weight per plot, and 100-seed weight. Individually, oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) ash significantly affected plant height, flowering age, root nodules, leaf greenness, and pod yield parameters, while urea significantly influenced plant height, flowering age, root nodules, leaf greenness, and dry pod weight per plot. The optimal treatment combination was 50 kg ha⁻¹ urea with 6 ton ha⁻¹ oil palm EFB ash, producing the highest dry seed weight (269.60 g per plot). The most favorable single-factor responses were obtained at 4 ton ha⁻¹ oil palm EFB ash for overall vegetative performance and at 50 kg ha⁻¹ urea for nodulation and yield-related traits.

Phytostabilization ability of the rice elite lines in cadmium-contaminated paddy soil

Ramos, P. S. Jr., Manangkil, O. E., Reyes, R. G., Kalaw, S. P. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

One of the issues in rice-growing areas is the high concentration of heavy metals in rice paddy soils. Human beings, aquatic and terrestrial animals, and crops and other plants are all at risk from high cadmium concentrations in soils. Seedling vigor tests of the sixteen (16) rice elite lines were screened in the very severe (SVE) cadmium-contaminated soil (>1.60 mg/kg cadmium) to determine their cadmium resistance using the scales: 1=extra vigorous, 3=vigorous, 5=normal, 7=weak, and 9=very weak at 14 days after seeding. The identified resistant (extra vigorous) rice elite lines were planted in the cadmium-contaminated soil (10.23 mg/kg cadmium) under a controlled environment. The cadmium content of the unpolished and polished grains of the identified resistant rice elite lines was determined for their phytostabilization ability using the maximum allowable level of cadmium in the rice grains and biological accumulation coefficient (BAC). Three (3) rice lines, namely PR52643-B-5-1-1, PR51233-B-B-SAL106-2-2-1-Drt1, and PR51233-B-B-SAL106-2-2-1-Drt, were identified as extra vigorous based on scales of the seeding vigor test. PR52403ILR-6-1-1-1-6-B was identified as a rice elite line with phytostabilization ability because of its low accumulation of cadmium in the unpolished grain with 0.1 mg/kg cadmium and a BAC value of 0.01 and polished grain with 0.0 mg/kg cadmium and 0.00 BAC value. This rice elite line is recommended as parent material for rice breeding to create new rice variety(ies) with phytostabilization ability or rice cadmium excluder variety(ies) suitable to plant in the very severe cadmium-contaminated paddy soil.

Phytochemical profiling and antimicrobial evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the leaves of Anisomeles malabarica (L) R. Br (lamiaceae)

Renuka, V., Kalaiarasi, K., Nithyapriya, S., Harikrishnaraj, R. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis reflected the occurance of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols and tannins, whereas the quantitative HPLC analysis showed the occurence of compounds such as luteolin, β-Thujone, carveol, p.coumaric acid, quercetin, β-pinene and myrtenol. UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis of green synthesized ZnO NPs showed the absorption peak maximum at 368 nm, FTIR analysis result showed the N=O stretch nitrogen groups, C=O stretch anhydrides, =C-N stretch alkenes. SEM images reflected a cluster of spherical evenly distributed ZnO NPs with the size of 50.4 nm in size and EDX pattern exhibited strong emission energy at 1.743keV. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs were tested against E. coli, Enterobacter, Bacillus resulted the maximum zone of growth inhibition on all the bacterial strains. The outcome of the present study revealed that A. malabarica, mediated ZnO nanoparticles is found to be more effective than crude extracts. Further research is needed to explore the molecular action, which will be benefited to the scientific communities as well as pharmaceutical industries for developing plant-based drugs in future.

Effects of dolomite application and fertilizer types on the growth and yield of Scallion plants (Allium fistulosum L.)

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study demonstrated that the application of dolomite markedly enhanced scallion growth and productivity, with an optimal dosage of 450 kg ha⁻¹ yielding the highest fresh economic weight of 12.59 g per plant. Dolomite not only neutralizes soil acidity well, but it also provides calcium and magnesium. However, using it at more than the recommended dose (675 kg ha⁻¹) caused a saturation effect that lowered yields. The best yield, 13.30 g, came from NPK fertilizer. This is because it has the right balance of macronutrients to help plants grow and maximize yield. The interaction between dolomite and NPK fertilizer did not significantly impact yield, but the combination increased nutrient uptake. This is due to the increase in soil pH and nutrient availability due to dolomite treatment and fertilizer types (compost and NPK), as well as environmental factors (temperature and rainfall), which significantly affect the yield of scallion. The results showed that applying 450 kg ha⁻¹ of dolomite combined with NPK fertilizer was the best way to increase scallion productivity.

Development and characterization of gluten-free bread from optimized cassava, chickpea, and corn composite flours

Somsap, J., Tepsorn, R. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

An optimized composite flour blend of cassava, chickpea, and corn flours produced a high-quality gluten-free bread with specific volume, crumb hardness, and springiness comparable to conventional wheat-based bread. Flour composition significantly influenced the physical and sensory attributes of the final product. The incorporation of chickpea flour enhanced the nutritional profile, specifically increasing protein content, while corn flour modified the whiteness index and crumb texture. Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) profiles revealed that the viscosity and amylose content of the flour formulations were critical determinants of the bread’s structural integrity. The addition of hydrocolloids and emulsifiers further stabilized the crumb structure and extended shelf life. Sensory evaluation scores indicated high consumer acceptance, particularly for the optimized blend, which balanced flavor and mouthfeel effectively. Cassava flour functioned as a viable, sustainable, and cost-effective primary base in the gluten-free system. These results demonstrated that the interaction between cassava, legumes, and maize flours created a synergistic effect that mimicked the viscoelastic properties of gluten. The findings established a successful formulation for a gluten-free bakery product using locally sourced ingredients, providing a functional alternative for the expanding gluten-free market.

Enhancing health-oriented Chashu pork: Effects of transglutaminase and omega-3 enriched pork belly with improved sliceability and fatty acid profile

Sorapukdee, S., Pilasombut, K., Uesakulrungrueng, C., Tangwatcharin, P. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Results from the first experiment indicated that powdered transglutaminase (TG) at 1% w/w resulted in the highest slicing yield, hardness, and gumminess of the fat portion compared with the control and dissolved TG treatments (P<0.05). Sensory evaluation also showed significantly higher scores for binding, taste, texture, and overall acceptability than the other treatments (P<0.05). The second experiment further investigated Chashu pork produced from omega-3 enriched pork in comparison with pork obtained from animals fed a standard diet (control). Analysis of composition showed that omega-3 pork and its Chashu contained lower fat but higher protein and moisture contents as well as significantly greater omega-3 fatty acids compared with control pork (P<0.05). In addition, these samples demonstrated a higher polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) ratio (P<0.05), indicating improved lipid nutritional quality. Notably, Chashu from omega-3 pork had approximately 3.8-fold higher omega-3 fatty acids than control Chashu and achieved an omega-6/omega-3 ratio below 4.0, compared with about 19.3 in the control group. Sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences in all tested attributes between treatments (P>0.05). These findings demonstrated that the use of powdered TG improved the sliceability and sensory quality of Chashu pork, while omega-3 pork provided additional nutritional benefits by improving the PUFA/SFA ratio and enhancing omega-3 fatty acids. This approach not only helps to reduce product loss caused by separation during slicing, but also enhances the value of pork belly with adding health benefits.

In vitro profiles of a diet containing concentrate with rice bran and Arenga pinnata by-product fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus

Sulistyowati, E., Sari, S. W., Faza, A. N., Wiryawan, I. K. G. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the ration containing concentrated with the fermented rice bran and Arenga pinnata by- product (Arenga sago dregs) significantly affected (p<0.05) pH and IVDMD. There were not significantly affected (p>0.05) on NH3, VFA, IVOMD, protozoa population levels, total bacteria, partial VFA, or methane gas. However, the addition of ration with concentration containing 10% rice bran and Arenga sago dregs fermented by Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) increased microbial protein synthesis by about 9.35 mg – 15.82 mg/ . Feeding a diet containing 15% fermented rice bran- Arenga sago dregs can be tolerated and is found to be optimal, as the digestibility values of dry matter, organic matter, total VFA, and NH₃ concentrations are found to be a normal limits.

Transforming waste into wealth: an in-depth exploration of MaeJo Black Soldier Fly (MAEJO BSF) cultivation for industrial applications

Tancho, A., Nontati, W., Kraisittipanit, R. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Results showed that water was the most effective attractant for adult MAEJO BSF, followed by sugar cubes, electrolyte drinks, honey, and sweet fruits. For egg-laying stimulation, molasses combined with vegetable scraps yielded the best results, while molasses mixed with food waste resulted in the highest number of larvae. Additionally, raw rice husk was the most effective substrate for inducing larval pupation, followed by sand, burnt rice husk, and soil, with no pupation observed in shredded coconut husk. These findings underscored the importance of selecting appropriate food sources, organic waste, and substrates for the rearing and propagation of MAEJO BSF in Thailand's climate, supporting efficient organic waste management and enhancing the production of alternative protein sources.

Fish-based organic nutrients in hydroponics: A viable alternative to chemical fertilizers for lettuce growth

Tancho, A., Nontati, W., Prathum, N., Kraisittipanit, R. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

These findings indicated that butterhead lettuce in the presence of commercial chemical nutrient solution was remarkably superior to any of the methods applied to grow it in all attributes, as depicted: average height of the plants was 11.87 cm, leaf width was 10.57 cm, as well as an increase in leaf length, canopy size, root length, and post-trim weight. The variance was above odds at 95% accuracy. Of all organic solutions, the one supplemented with fish fertilizer, vermicompost extract, and liquid organic fertilizer at a 3:1:1 ratio yielded the second-best growth, with improved height, leaf width, and plant mass. Additionally, the existing research is indicated that using organics (presumably fish-based additives) to enhance an environmentally friendly and effective alternative to conventional fertilizers for hydroponic vegetable production, as it can reduce the use of these chemicals.

Effect of calcium phosphate on growth, pigment and secondary compound accumulation in Cannabis sativa L. callus

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The application of calcium phosphate in the form of tricalcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) on cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) callus cultures for 7 days significantly increased fresh and dry weights at concentrations ranging from 800 to 2000 mg/L, with no statistical differences between concentrations. However, higher calcium phosphate concentrations led to reductions in pigments and DPPH radical scavenging activity. By contrast, callus cultures treated with 800 and 1600 mg/L showed enhanced total phenolic content and carotenoids, while total flavonoid content increased proportionally. These findings suggested that calcium phosphate concentration influenced the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in cannabis callus cultures.

Potential enzymatic microbes for releasing plant nutrients and siderophore production

Thongsri, B., Song, J. J., Soytong, K. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Burkholderia cepacia strain S001-08, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain S001-11 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain S001-15 were isolated from soil planted to Durian and selected for the properties to solubilize phosphate for plant nutrient and siderophore production for bioremediation. These selected strains were morphological and molecular phylogenic identification to confirm species level. B. cepacia strain S001-08, P. aeruginosa strain S001-11 and P. fluorescens strain S001-15 are found to be active responding as phosphorous solubilizers and producing siderophores. These active strains are being investigated to be synergistic effect and developing to be biological product as biostimulant and bioremediation. The developing biological product is promising to apply for crop production as an agricultural input for modern organic agriculture.

Determinants influencing the adoption of the windy.com application among large-scale durian farmers’ groups in Rayong Province, Thailand

Thonoi, A., Thongkaew, E., Suwanmaneepong, S., Kerdsriserm, C., Mankeb, P. — Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The findings found that farmers who participated in training and utilised the Windy.com application, the majority of participants were male, aged between 51 and 60 years, with a bachelor’s degree and an average household size of 3–4 members. The farmers possessed 1–15 years’ experience in durian cultivation, with farm sizes ranging from 1 to 25 rai. The average durian yield was approximately 1,000–2,000 kilograms per rai, with an average market price of 91–120 Baht per kilogram. Participants demonstrated a high level of knowledge (µ = 81.20) and exhibited a positive attitude towards the Windy.com application (mean = 3.91), with the highest attitude score observed in the content dimension (µ = 4.08). Overall, the adoption of the application was rated as high (µ = 4.09), particularly concerning their intention to use it (µ = 4.23) and perceived usefulness (µ = 4.06). Multiple regression analysis reveals attitude to be the most significant predictor of adoption (β = 0.67, p < 0.01), suggesting that improved attitudes among farmers increased their adoption of the application. Conversely, factors such as farming experience and farm size was significantly influenced adoption (p > 0.05). The results imply that promoting positive attitudes and providing effective training can significantly enhance farmers’ long-term adoption and utilisation of digital applications.

Conventional and non-conventional phytochemical extraction of Bambara groundnut: A review

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Bambara groundnut (BGN) is a grain legume known for its nutritional value. However, its nutritional and nutraceutical potential associated with its phytochemical content is not fully tapped. This is probably due to the paucity of information on the various non-conventional extraction techniques used to extract the phytochemicals present in the different parts of the BGN. This review collated information on the conventional and non-conventional techniques applied in the extraction of phytochemicals from BGN. Among the techniques are ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), pulse electric field (PEF), subcritical water extraction (SWE), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIP). Interestingly, researchers have regularly applied only UAE to extract phytochemicals from BGN. This could be the reason for the limited identification of some important low-molecular-weight phytochemicals that are in low concentration in BGN. A greater application of these techniques individually or in combination is necessary to promote the extraction of phytochemicals and reveal the potential of BGN.

Investigation of fumonisin production and plant cell wall degrading enzyme activity of Fusarium verticillioides causing pink ear rot in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Tue, 05 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation is challenging due to pink ear rot caused by Fusarium verticillioides, which not only compromises maize yield and quality but also produces fumonisin mycotoxins, posing serious risks to human health. This study aimed to islating fungal pathogens and investigating possible machenisms regarding the fungal pathogenicity. Our reults showed that a total of 14 fungal strains were isolated from infected maizes. These strains exhibited high percentage of the pathogenicity up to 90% inhibiting maize seed germination and carried fumonisin-related genes. Additionally, 13 out of 14 fungal strains showed significant plant cell wall–degrading enzyme activities including amylase, cellulase, pectinase and protease, which likely facilitated fungal invasion and tissue breakdown in maize. Among them, the DN8 fungal strain was the most deleterious pathogen and was identified as F. verticillioides through sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Overall, these findings showed that the fungal isolates caused the pink ear rot and detrimentally infected maize seeds by reducing the germination rate, accumulating fumonisins, and exhibiting aggressive activities, and also emphasized the need for effective management of F. verticillioides in maize cultivation.