International Journal of Agricultural Technology

Biocontrol potential of an endophytic Pseudomonas sp. strain GEOT11 against phytopathogenic bacteria

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Pseudomonas species are promising objected for the creation of biological preparations. The growth-stimulating and antagonistic activity of Pseudomonas sp. strain GEOT11 was investigated. This strain proved to be expressed the ability to synthesize phytohormone, solubilize inorganic phosphate, and synthesize siderophores. Inoculation of Phaseolus vulgaris with Pseudomonas sp. GEOT11 stimulated and increased in the wet weight of plant organs and their linear size. Antagonistic activity of Pseudomonas sp. strain GEOT11 against phytopathogenic bacteria was demonstrated. Pseudomonas sp. GEOT11 effectively inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas siringae and Clavibacter michiganensis upon contact and by releasing volatile compounds, while the growth of Erwinia carotovora was only inhibited by the synthesis of volatile compounds. Co-inoculation of Phaseolus vulgaris with phytopathogenic bacteria and the studied strain led to be the healthy plants without signs of bacterial damage. Thus, the obtained data gave an evidence of the perspective use of the Pseudomonas sp. GEOT11 in agriculture to increase plant productivity and biocontrol of plant diseases.

Comparison of the quality of animal manure compost conventional methods with vermicompost animal manure from Lumbricus rubellus

Anandyawati, A., Muktamar, Z., Prameswari, W., Amrullah, A. H. K., Anggoro, A. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The research revealed that vermicomposting alters animal manure's physical and chemical properties more rapidly than conventional composting and produces more optimal macronutrient values, C-Organic, pH, and C/N. According to panellist observations, this is indicated by changes in the physical properties of livestock manure, including odour, texture, and colour. Chemically, the decomposition process is aided by earthworms yields higher-quality organic fertiliser than conventional composting techniques. According to research findings, the varieties of livestock manure produced the highest levels of various nutrients. The manure vermicompost with the highest total nitrogen content was cow manure, followed by goat and chicken manure. On the other hand, chicken manure vermicompost contained the highest concentration of available P, followed by goat and cow manure vermicompost. The vermicompost made from goat manure contained the most available K, followed by chicken and cow manure. Goat manure vermicompost had the highest Organic C content, followed by cow and chicken manure vermicompost. Regarding pH, goat manure vermicompost was the most acidic, followed by cow and chicken manure vermicompost. In addition, the chicken, goat, and cow manure C/N ratio values were the closest to the soil C/N ratio.

Salmonella in free-range chickens: pathology of subclinical persistent infection

Balala, L. M., Mendoza, B. C., Baldrias, L. R., Masangkay, J. S. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Testing of apparently healthy free-range chickens revealed the detection of Salmonella in 2.11% (5/237) and 8.04% (16/199) of the samples by culture method and PCR, respectively, with an overall detection rate of 8.86% (21/237). Primary histopathological lesions consistent with Salmonella infection were observed in the liver and spleen at Days 10 through 150 and in the intestines at Days 120 through 150. Sinusoidal congestion (83.3%) and lymphoid hyperplasia (66.7%) were the most predominant lesions in the spleen persisting from Day 10 until Day 150. Cloudy swelling (40%) with cytoplasmic granulation and typhoid nodules (26.7%) were observed in the liver beginning Day 10. Cecal tonsil activation was observed at Day 10, while structural changes and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosa were the significant histopathological changes in the intestines throughout Day 150. Salmonella is a silent threat to public health in subclinical infections. Active surveillance and monitoring of this pathogen should be carried out continuously to improve detection and diagnosis. Sustainable mitigating strategies should be designed for free-range poultry to control Salmonella and achieve food security and safety.

Smart water control system based on internet of things technology on android operating system for durian garden

Bunpalwong, M., Promput, S., Ruaypom, K., Boonsong, S. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The IoT systems can reduce the gap between farmers' orchard management. This research focused on designing and developing a smart watering system in durian orchards and evaluating the system's performance. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) was used to design the system operation, user interface development on the Android operating system with Kotlin language, and connect notification information via Line message API. Result proved to be the effective design and development of a smart watering system on the Android operating system. The receiver device, control device, and signaling device could work according to the function that had been set. The system was stable in operation. Developing a watering control system on the Android operating system displayed the operational status of watering scheduling and real-time monitoring display. The collected data displayed as graphics on the device screen. Farmers could control their works through the smartphone application screen. Alerts could be sent via Line application when soil moisture was less than 20% (critical point). The system performance evaluation found that the water pump is operated automatically and accurately. Moreover, the technology acceptance that affects farmers' satisfaction found that the perceived utilization and ease of use reveaed an excellent level ( = 4.3 and SD = 0.55).

Improvement of phosphorus fertilization of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Alfisols

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the application of fast soluble P fertilizer and dolomite was able to increase growth, ripen fruit yield, and P uptake efficiency in cayenne pepper plants. To increase the growth of cayenne pepper, this study recommended the use of fast soluble P fertilizer at a dose of 150 kg ha¹ which is applied in a 3 times split application, given at planting time, at the 15 days after planting, and 30 days after planting plus dolomite applied at 2 weeks before planting. Meanwhile, to obtain fruit yields and P uptake efficiency, this study recommended to use a fast soluble P fertilizer at a dose of 100 kg ha^-1 plus dolomite with the same method, which was 3 times of split application.

Effects of rock phosphate and vermicompost on off-season longan production

Chaichuay, C., Sasivatchutikool, P., Chaichuay, R. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Results showed that applying rock phosphate and vermicompost to longan plants, as partial replacement of chemical fertilizer prior to the KClO₃ application, showed effectiveness in off-season longan production. Application of rock phosphate and vermicompost to longan plants at a 4:8 kilogram per plant level, resulted in the best off-season longan production quality. Yield quality in terms of fruit number, fruit weight and total fruit weight were highest, significantly higher than other levels and control group (p £0.05). It also resulted in highest in inflorescences, flowers numbers and total soluble solids content (°Brix). These findings benefit to longan producers by reducing chemical fertilizers and also helps to improve soil quality as well, since soil pH improved in the experimental group.

Effect of dietary protein levels on productive performance and carcass traits of Thai native pigs from different geometric regions

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Southern native pigs (ST) group had significantly higher final weight (P < 0.05). Northern native pigs (NT) had the highest average daily gain (ADG) during the first 21 days of the rearing period (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed cost per gain (FCG) of NT and ST were lower than those of northeastern native pigs (NE) (P < 0.05). The lowest FCG were obtained with 12% and 14% protein diets, and the highest FCG were obtained with 18% protein diet (P < 0.05). For carcass traits, ST had higher slaughter weight, while NT had lower carcass weight, lower percentage of carcass, thinner backfat thickness, lower tenderloin weight, lower fat and skin weight, and lower belly weight, but had higher offal weight, higher percentage of offal and better marbling (P < 0.05). Dietary protein content did not affect carcass traits except for percent belly, because at 18% protein content, percent belly was lower than other groups (P < 0.05). For commercial production, NT could be of greater use because it had lower FCR and FCG without differing significantly in lean content. In addition, NT had higher marbling but lower backfat thickness.

Yield responses and nutrient uptakes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as affected by liquid organic fertilizer and vermicompost

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Results indicated that the application of 15 Mg ha-1 vermicompost was considered as the best dosage for increasing pod weight, grain weight of groundnuts as well as N, P, and K uptakes. Moreover, the use of liquid organic fertilizer did not increased growth and yields of organically grown groundnuts. The use of liquid organic fertilizer did not improve the effectiveness the use of vermicompost in promoting growth and yields of organically grown groundnuts.

Identification of soil porosity using geophysical and geotechnical observation for agricultural application

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Results indicated that sand dominated the soil structure of the soil, and the degree of sand domination varied among locations. Both apparent soil electrical resistivity and soil porosity declined with the increasing soil depth. A positive linear relationship between those soil characteristics was found for all locations with the largest increment in predicted soil porosity along with the increase in apparent soil electrical resistivity. The findings of this study imply that soil porosity can be predicted by measuring its apparent electrical resistivity using a geo-electrical method and, therefore, they can be used for managing irrigation during crop production.

Insect pests attack sorghum (Sorghum bicolor l. moench) in the coastal region of Bengkulu, Indonesia

Ginting, S., Pujiwati, H., Susilo, E. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the insect pests attack on cultivated sorghum varieties were Spodoptera frugiperda, Peregrinus maidis, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Valanga nigricornis, Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoperva armigera, and Sitophilus sp. Amongst the sorghum varieties cultivated, the Numbu variety was more resistant to Spodoptera frugiperda attack, but susceptible to Ostrinia furnacalis, Ketan variety was resistant to Valanga nigricornis, and Suri was susceptible to Helicoperva armigera attack. The highest yield loss by Sitophilus zeamais was found in the Numbu variety, and the lowest was in Suri 4 and Ketan.

In vitro propagation of Musa acuminata (AAA group) cv. ‘Kluai Nak’

Hansuek, S., Liamnimitr, N., Khawniam, T. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

In vitro propagation of Musa acuminata (AAA group) cv. ‘Kluai Nak’ was studied on 4 factors such as sterilization method, shoot induction, root induction and acclimatization. Shoot explants were sterilization with 30% sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes gave the highest survival rate (97.50%). For the shoot induction and multiplication, the result found that adding 4 mg/L BA on culture medium gave the highest number of shoots (3.20 shoots/explant) and number of leaves (9.20 leaves/explant), while culture medium without BA gave the highest height (5.90 cm). After the shoot multiplication, the root induction carried out by adding 2.5 mg/L NAA without AC gave the highest number of roots (25.80 roots/plant) but it was shot root, not complete plantlet and healthy plant for growth so the next experiment was chosen the plant from culture medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L NAA and 0.2% activated charcoal that gave the number of roots (17.00 roots/plant) and root length (4.07 cm). After the root induction, the plantlet was successfully acclimatization in the combination of rice husk mixed potting soil that found to produce the highest percentage of plantlet survival rate with 90% and the plant height with 8.40 cm that obtained after 4 weeks of acclimatization.

Germinability and vigor of partially-aged corn (Zea mays L.) seeds presoaked in Sampaguita (Jasminum sambac [L.] Aiton) flower extract and essential oil

Jose, J. P., Mercado, M. F. O., de Guzman, L. E. P. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Corn seeds soaked in 3% concentration of flower extract resulted in higher percent germination and vigor compared to the other treatments for both varieties. The optimum concentration of essential oil needed to enhance germination and vigor was 1% and 2% for BPI Lagkitan and Sweet Corn, respectively. The 3% essential oil concentration was shown to be detrimental to partially-aged seeds. The use of essential oil somehow ensured pathogen-free seeds based on visual examination. Seed presoaking in Sampaguita flower extract or essential oil may be an alternative to chemical seed treatment in support of organic seed production

The utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) as an alternative litter material on growth performance of broilers

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The findings suggested that water hyacinth and cattail litter can be a viable alternative to rice husk as a litter material for broiler production. The results indicated that there were not significant differences in growth performance of broilers when using water hyacinth and cattail litter compared to rice husk. The discovery was significantly found in rice husk to be costly, particularly in certain seasons or regions, and may impact the cost of broiler production. Moreover, the combined material of water hyacinth and cattail (in a ratio of 1:1) resulted in better growth performance (p<0.05) than rice husk while not causing any negative effects on broiler health. It showed that the combined material may provide a more cost-effective and sustainable option for broiler litter material. Overall, using water hyacinth and cattail litter either alone or in combination may offer a promising alternative to rice husk for broiler production. By using this alternative material, poultry producers can potentially reduce production costs, particularly when rice husk is expensive or scarce. Therefore, these results may provide useful insights for poultry producers looking to minimize production costs while maintaining broiler health and growth performance.

Lodging-related gene expression in upland rice varieties from Pala U Village, Thailand

Laosutthipong, C., Seritrakul, P. , NaChiangmai, P. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Native upland rice has been cultivated in Pala U village, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand. Gene expression of the five lodging-related genes in the eight varieties of native upland rice, compared with Pathumthani-1 rice were characterized. For lignin biosynthesis genes (OsPAL and Os4CL3), the level of gene expression in all eight native rice varieties were not significantly difference to Pathumthani-1 rice. Although, the relative fold of OsPAL gene expression in R1, R3, and R4 varieties revealed 5.3, 9.0 and 6.1-fold expression, respectively. Another two genes that involved in control strigolactone signaling and effect on culm strength were OsTB1 and OsAPO1 gene. The R4 varieties showed 7.3-fold expression in OsTB1 gene and significantly different from PT (P < 0.05). The OsCESA-9 gene expression level in the R2 and R6 variety had below 0.58 and 0.65-fold of the PT rice. These results suggested that some genes that important in plant cell structure and effect on lodging in rice had trend to highly express in some varieties of native upland rice

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) product for enhancing plant growth promotion and plant protection in Piper longum L., Zea mays L. and Coffea arabica L.

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

An investigation was determined the effectiveness of using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) to enhance plant growth and protect host plants from fungal pathogen diseases. The study had also identified the best substrates for producing AMF spores for biofertilizer products. First, the dominant AMF species were isolated from soils where corn, pepper, and coffee were grown. They were identified as Acaulospora longula (Aca1) and Gigaspora marganita (Gig2, Gig3). These AMF spores were added to corn seeds, and after three days, fungal pathogens were introduced. The results showed that all AMF species promoted corn seed germination and plant growth. The best substrate for Aca1 to amplify its spores in host plant was MT5, consisting of soil, sand, and coconut fiber in the ratio of 1:1:1. Meanwhile, MT2, consisting of 2 parts soil, 1 part sand, and 1 part coconut fiber, was found to be the best substrate for Gig2 and Gig3; numbers of AMF spores were 487.5, 351.5, and 350.00 spores per 100 g substrate, respectively. These AMF spores’s production were then tested for their effect on Phytophthora capsici Leonian, Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl, and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, causing root rot disease on Piper longum L., Coffea arabica L., and smut disease in Zea mays L. The results showed that AMF could protect plants from fungal pathogen diseases, reducing the number of infected host plants by 35 % after 3 months of inoculation in P. longum, 10 % in C. arabica, and 33.4 % in Z. mays.

Agronomic characteristics, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity of rose purslane (Portulaca grandiflora Hook.) against nitrogen fertilizer

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The result showed no significant difference between the application of urea at various concentrations (0.5, 0.1, and 1.5 (g/polybag)) on the variable number of leaves and branching. Still, there were significantly differed in the varying number of leaves during the six weeks of measurement. The phytochemical of total phenolic content (TPC) also showed significance. differences at a dose of 1.5 g/polybag of 1.26 (mg GAE/g DW). On the other hand, there were no significantly differed for total flavonoids. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of DPPH also significantly differed at a dose of 1.5 g/polybag of 5.59 (µmol TE/g DW). There is no significant difference in the capacity of ABTS and FRAP antioxidant activities.

Characterization of Phytopythium and Pythium species from freshwater area based on Morphological traits and ITS sequence

Maiprom, N., Saelee, R. , Koohakan, P. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Twenty isolates were identified as Globisporangium nunn, Pythium acanthicum, Phytopythium chameahyphon, Phytopythium cucurbitacearum, Phytopythium helicoides, Phytopythium iriomotense, Pythium torulosum, Phytopythium vexans and unknown specific epithet Phytopythium species. The reconstruction of phylogenetic trees using Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood, and maximum-parsimony algorithms revealed that the majority of isolates belonged to clade K. Furthermore, this is the first report of Phytopythium iriomotense in Thailand. The current information possible that the discovered oomycetes will be useful in future research and applications.

Genotype-dependent and flooding-induced root growth and flooding tolerance in the early growth stage of sugarcane

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Flooding conditions reduced the root dry weight, the root/shoot ratio, the root length, and the total dry weight. Genotype variation was found in all the root growth traits and the adventitious roots under flooding conditions, and genotype differences were observed for flooding tolerance. A positive and significant correlation between root dry weight and total dry weight (r = 0.76**) was found. The tolerance index (TI) of the root dry weight also correlated positively with the TI of the dry weight for different parts of the sugarcane (r=0.84** to 0.93**). Additionally, the correlation between the number of aboveground roots and the TI of the total dry weight was a significantly positive result(r = 0.68*). These findings suggested that root growth and the ability to form adventitious roots in flood-prone sugarcane genotypes are crucial factors for promoting flooding tolerance.

Changes in the activity of enzymes associated with enzymatic browning and chemical composition during Musa sapientum Linn. ‘Kluai Khai’ banana fruit ripening

Makboriboon, N., Teerarak, M., Saetiew, K. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the initial firmness of banana fruit harvested at the raw stage was 7 N and decreased to less than 2 N at overripe and very ripe stages. The total soluble solids increased throughout the ripening period, whereas the titratable acidity maintained a high level during the ripening process. The banana peel stayed green during the raw stage, and the yellow color formed between the unripe stage to the overripe stage. The lightness of the banana peel increased from the raw stage to the ripe stage, decreased at the overripe stage, and then dropped sharply at the very ripe stage. This color change was linked to the browning incidence of the fruit peel and an increasing browning area and soluble browning pigment content. The PPO and POD showed a low activity at the raw stage and then increased with advancing ripening and maintained a significantly higher level than the raw fruit. The findings of this study exhibited that the ripening stages of the ‘Kluai Khai’ banana influence the firmness, peel color, and browning incidence of the fruit peel and the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities.

Efficacy evaluation of irradiated carrageenan as plant growth promoter in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Walp. and Bush Sitao (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. x V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp unguiculata) production

Malbataan, C. J. M., Carandang, F. F., Mercado, M. F. O. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The efficacy of irradiated carrageenan as plant growth promoter in cowpea and bush sitao was determined using Mabunyi and PSB Bs3 varieties. The highest plant height in cowpea was obtained in RF + IC and ½ RF + IC treatments while for bush sitao, all RF- and IC- treated plants were taller than the control. For commercial crop production parameters, only weight and yield of fresh pods in cowpea showed significant differences among treatments. Cowpea pods were heavier in RF + IC and 1/2 RF + IC treated plants than in other treatments. Highest fresh yield in cowpea was obtained in ½ RF + IC treated plants. Seed diameter and 100-seed weight for cowpea and gross and net weight of harvested seeds and 100-seed weight for bush sitao were the seed production parameters that showed significant differences among treatments. Application of 1/2 RF + IC improved the gross and net weight of harvested seeds of bush sitao and 100-seed weight of both crops. Seed diameter of cowpea was highest in all treatments with IC. This study recommends the use of IC in cowpea and bush sitao crop and seed production in combination with the RF.

Isolation and characterization of plant-growth promoting fungi associated with indigenous fermented amendment from root vicinity of Phyllostachys aurea

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Results revealed that ITS sequence analyses expressing five isolated fungi belonging to Ascomycota, with three distinct genera, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Parengyodontium were phylogenetically determined which closed to the reference strains. Most of the isolates were categorized as dark septate endophytes in appearances with exception of white mycelium Parengyodontium album IMX 2. The result showed that Parengyodontium album IMX 2 had a maximum IAA productivity of 21.10 ± 1.04 μg/mL in the presence of 500 mg/L tryptophan. The fungal isolates of Cladosporium sphaerospermum IMX 1, Parengyodontium album IMX 2, Cladosporium endophytica IMX 3 and Aspergillus pseudotamarii IMX 8 exhibited variable efficiency for solubilizing tricalcium phosphate salts. Moreover, Cladosporium sphaerospermum IMX 1 significantly suppressed the growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea by 49.64% and 76.73% respectively as compared to other isolates. These results suggested that IMOs and their plant growth-promoting fungi potentially could be used as a beneficial resource in promoting sustainable agriculture, which may act as a possible substitute for chemical fertilizers.

Blue carbon stock of aquasilviculture-based agroforestry system in Infanta, Quezon, Philippines

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Blue carbon stock of the four aquasilviculture (AQS) systems within a Community-based Mangrove Forest Management area in Infanta, Quezon was assessed. Results demonstrated that the aboveground biomass and root carbon stock of the four AQS differed significantly (p<0.05). AQS 4, adopted the peripheral/separate model type of AQS and dominated by Rhizophora sp., possessed significantly greater aboveground C stock (101.12 Mg ha^-1) and root C stock (48.05 Mg ha^-1). While the Aegiceras sp.-dominated AQS 3, which adopted the mixed model type, and with semi-intensive grow-out polyculture, had the highest total C sediment stock at 1,023 Mg ha^-1. Overall, AQS 4 had the highest total carbon stock, calculated at 1,141.47 Mg ha^-1. A large portion of the C stock potential of each AQS is derived from the sediment carbon pool which accounted for up to 87.5% of the total C pool, according to the results. Findings indicated that AQS contributes a substantial amount of total carbon stock comparable to that of a pure mangrove ecosystem. If valued, the blue carbon stock of the aquasilviculture systems ranged between Php 901,491.86 (USD 16,510.84) and Php 983,540.38 (USD 18,013.56). This can provide the People's Organization with additional income in addition to the income generated from their cultivation of aquatic species. Therefore, aquasilviculture system is a good climate mitigation strategy with socio-economic advantages

Tourists’ behavior and importance of marketing mix factors in decision to use community-based agritourism services under the new normal era in Rayong Province, Thailand

Ngamchaleaw, B., Suwanmaneepong, S., Cavite, H. J., Khermkhan, J. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the majority of tourists visiting the site were female, between the ages of 20-30, single, and had completed a bachelor’s degree. Most of the tourists were students and had a monthly income of at most 15,000 THB. In terms of agritourism behavior, the study found that most tourists visited the site during weekends and holidays for study tours before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. First-time visitors were prevalent, and most were influenced by friends and colleagues before the pandemic. During the pandemic, self-decision became the primary factor for traveling. Tourists preferred day trips to the Suan Yai Da agritourism site, with a majority intending to revisit the site. People’s recommendations and Facebook fan pages were the top sources of information for tourists. Regarding the perception of marketing mix factors, tourists gave the highest importance to the awards received by the agritourism site as the best tourist attraction (x̄ = 4.25). This indicates that the reputation and recognition of the agritourism site play a significant role in attracting visitors. Other product factors that were highly rated included processed products available (x̄ = 4.20), lectures for agricultural knowledge (x̄ = 4.20), and the ability of tourists to visit all year round (x̄ = 4.14). In terms of price factors, tourists rated all of them as important, with mean ratings (x̄) ranging from 4.12 to 4.25. Overall, the study provides insights into the socio-demographic profile, agritourism behavior, and perceptions of marketing mix factors of tourists visiting the Suan Yai Da agritourism site. The findings can serve as a basis for agritourism service providers to improve their services and attract more tourists.

Characterizing smallhold goat production system: Assessment of goat farmers management and production practices towards goat dairying in Central Luzon, Philippines

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

In the Philippines, raisers’ management practices were different especially in terms of how the goats were fed. Findings revealed that smallholder goat farmers still practice traditional goat farming system that is characterized by low-cost production input, unmanaged breeding practices and poor feeding program. Majority of the raisers practiced partial confinement while a few reported free grazing, tethering and pure confinement. The absence of a sound goat health program increases vulnerability of goats to diseases. There was low performance in smallholder goat farms. Natural breeding was uncontrolled, hence there was low conception rate (68.11+2.87%). Age of buck at first breeding was highly related with conception rate (p<0.05). Mean kid size was 2.01+0.60 while kidding interval was 210+1.01 days. Meanwhile, mean weight of goats at 3 and 6 months were 7.72+0.07 and 15.49+0.90 kg, respectively. Dairy goat dispersal programs for smallholder goat farmers revealed to face a grim future if preliminary assessment and evaluation on their current management and production practices will not be made as goat dairying needed more intensive management than slaughter goat production. This information can be used in providing appropriate science-based technological interventions for extension programs toward dairy goat production.

Assessing farmers’ adoption of ethylene stimulation in increasing Para rubber production in Ban Khai District, Rayong Province

Orsuwan, W., Suwanmaneepong, S., Llones, C. , Khuhaswanvej, S. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The study found that only 50 percent of the trained rubber farmers have adopted the use of ethylene stimulation. Several factors that contributed to non-adopters’ hesitance are perceived uncertainties of technology attributes, cost of implementation, and farmers’ attitudes. From these factors, the increasing cost was the recurring reason expressed by farmers during the focus group discussion. Furthermore, a review of related studies revealed that there was an inadequate R&D investment in the rubber industry. Therefore, government supported in boosting the R&D of the country’s rubber industry would require an immediately action and implementation that competed to rubber export countries for rapidly gaining in the competition.

The effect of Moina sp. immersion with 17alpha-methyl testosterone (17MT) on growth performances and sex reversal of Nile tilapia

Pilapang, K., Srijad, S., Yomla, R. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results found that Moina sp. immersion with 17alpha-methyl testosterone (17MT) has a non-effect on the growth performances and non-effect on the sex reversal of Nile tilapia. The higher length, weight, and specific growth rate were found in the PC (PC: 60 mg17MT/kg mixing commercial feed) and the NC (only commercial feed without 17MT) than in other groups (50 and 100 mg17MT/l immersing Moina sp.). The length and the weight of the PC and NC groups showed no significant difference. But these groups were different from the groups of 50 and 100 mg/l. The average length of the PC, NC, 50, and 100 mg/l were displayed at 2.67±0.08, 2.86±0.17, 1.45±0.07 and 1.46±0.02 cm, respectively. The average weight of the PC, NC, 50, and 100 mg/l was displayed as 0.40±0.07, 0.51±0.08, 0.08±0.10 and 0.07±0.01 g, respectively. The highest specific growth rate was found in the NC group (2.37±0.00%). The survival rate of the NC group was not significantly different from other groups. 17MT does not affect growth performances in the larval stage. However, dried Moina sp. immersion in 17MT could be caused an effect on growth performances and sex reversal.

The effect of polyethylene glycol induced drought stress on seed germination stage and seedling growth of different soybean varieties

Prameswari, W., Salamah, U., Husna, M., Pujiwati, H., Simarmata, M., Aziz, I. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the interaction between varietal treatment and osmotic potential significantly affected growth percentage, root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, dry root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, root shoot ratio, and chlorophyll index (SPAD value) both at the stage of seed germination and seedling growth. Induction of potential osmotic -0.19 MPa reduced the growth percentage by 21.93% and 33.99%, 32.04% and 41.66% at root length, and by 41.66% and 36.77% at shoot length both at seed germination and seedling growth stages, respectively. Meanwhile, the potential osmotic induction of -0.67 MPa reduced the growth percentage by 39.75% and 52.81%, by 51.68% and 61.32% in root length, and by 61.82% and 55.95% on shoot length at both seed germination and seedling growth respectively. Gepak Kuning Variety has a better tolerance for osmotic potential than the other four varieties. It can conclude that Gepak Kuning variety could be used as breeding material to develop drought-resistant soybean varieties.

Neuroprotective potential of polysaccharides from the mycelial extract of Schizophyllum commune

Rassamee, K., Piyaviriyakul, S., Yahuafai, J., Sawangsri, P., Urairong, H. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The fruiting body of split gill macrofungus was collected and isolated. Its ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was sequenced to identify the species. Based on ITS1 and ITS4 regions, the nucleotide sequence was matched with S. commune showing 99.89% identity. Moreover, to prepare the crude polysaccharide (CP) from mycelium, the pressurized hot water extraction method and ethanol precipitation were utilized. The neuroprotective activity was evaluated by applying 100 µM H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress on the SH-SY5Y cell line. Cell morphology was observed by fluorescent microscopy using Hoechst 33342 staining. A 250 µg/ml crude polysaccharide concentration reduced intracellular nuclear deformation compared to H₂O₂ alone with apoptosis protection of cells stained with Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI). The cell cycle was estimated by PI staining and flow cytometry. The results showed that 125-250 µg/ml of crude polysaccharide reduced neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, the crude polysaccharide mechanism of action reduced apoptosis in the sub-G1 phase compared to the H₂O₂ group. This is the first report on the neuroprotective effect of crude polysaccharides extracted from S. commune performed in vitro on the SH-SY5Y cell line.

Knowledge, attitudes, and adoption process towards innovative agricultural food production with aquaponics for communities with limited spaces in urban Bangkok, Thailand

Simakorn, S., Suwanmaneepong, S., Cavite, H. J. M. , Yomla, R. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The study found that household respondents have positive attitudes towards the Golden Apple Snail-Vegetable/Herb (GASVH) aquaponics innovation. Results implied that urban households were open to constant exploration of how the innovation would give better livelihood and income opportunities. Furthermore, the adoption acceptance survey revealed that household respondents generally have high-level ratings at each stage of the adoption process. This finding indicates respondents’ positive knowledge and attitude toward an enhanced innovation adoption of GASVH aquaponics. It is recommended that GASVH aquaponics innovation be promoted particularly to urban households, as this can help to address food security and safety issues in urban areas. Urban families generally had high knowledge and positive attitudes towards technology which it is promising innovation for adoption

Insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils and their major constituents against nymphs and adults of Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer

Soonwera, M., Sittichok, S. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that every tested EO and its constituents exhibited a higher pediculocidal activity against nymphs and adults of P. humanus capitis than 25% (w/v) benzyl benzoate did. In particular, 5% 1,8-cineole exhibited the highest insecticidal effects against P. humanus capitis nymphs and adults with 100% mortality rate at 1 min with an LT₅₀of 0.2 min and an LC₅₀ of 0.7%. The other EO formulations provided a mortality rate ranging from 0-96.0% and an LT₅₀ ranging 0.3-315.9 min against nymphs. Against the adults, the mortality rate ranged from 12.0-96.0% with an LT₅₀ ranging from 1.2-314.5 min. Our data showed that 1,8-cineole has a great potential to control head lice populations and should be further developed into a safe and effective pediculicide

Adulticidal effect of combinations between Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer

Soonwera, M., Sittichok, S. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that all head lice adults that were immersed in a combination of 15% C. citratus EO + 15% E. globulus EO, 20% C. citratus EO + 20% E. globulus EO, and 30% C. citratus EO + 30% E. globulus EO for 3 min were destroyed with the highest mortality rate of 100% at 30 min and an LT₅₀ ranging from 1.2 to 1.5 min. However, 0.5% (w/w) permethrin shampoo provided a slightly higher adulticidal activity than all EO formulations in terms of LT₅₀ (0.9 min). According to the LD₅₀ values reported in the literature, C. citratus EO + E. globulus EO can be developed into a safer shampoo for head lice treatment

Nutritional content evaluation of traditional food recipes consumed by ethnic communities of Tai Dam in Loei, Thailand

Sripoona, S., Termsaithong, P., Gubtapol, K., Chulilung, P., Mankeb, P. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the traditional food of the Tai Dam ethnicity had a unique identity. There were 30 recipes divided into six categories: curry, grilled food, spicy salad, Homok, chili paste, and dessert. There were 4-5 recipes in 1 deck (a set menu of food put on a big container like a tray), with sticky rice as the primary food. Eighty percent of the food ingredients were local herb and vegetable sources, and the other 20 percent comprised meat, fish, chickens, eggs, insects, and small animals. Distinctive features of curry dishes include a variety of herbs. Nutritional content analysis resulted in recipes with the highest energy and nutrients in 3 or more aspects in each category; “Sua Pla Duk” or Catfish Spicy Curry with the energy of 166.17 kcal, 10.53 g fat, and 12.01 g protein. “Oh Pla” provides the energy of 136.11 kcal, 3.68 g fat, and 18.73 g protein, and “Ua Dok Mak-Uk” provided 6.68 grams of carbohydrates, 38.11 RAE, vitamin A, 13.14 milligrams of vitamin C, and 0.72 grams of dietary fibres. The findings revealed that the Tai Dam recipe had a high overall nutritional content, suitable for eating as an immune-boosting drug for a healthy life, preventing emerging diseases, and the environmental community should preserve to obtain high-value food.

Benefits of organic vegetables grown in Raisebeds: Experience of selected Urban Barangays in Zamboanga City, Philippines Amidst Covid 19 Pandemic

Tabal, E. P., Garan, M. A., Quijano, Q. T. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The COVID 19 pandemic crisis had significantly caused disruptions on local food production and distribution, from local buying to wholesaling, and from cross-regional logistics to consumptions and this is felt across the highly urbanized barangays in Zamboanga City, Philippines. This paper presents the experienced of selected urban barangays amidst CoVid 19 pandemic. The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development or PCAARRD funded a project to evaluate the yield level and income of organic vegetables grown in raisebeds with 150 participating beneficiaries. Ten (10) raisebeds were required for each beneficiary where 1.0 sqm utilized for one vegetable crop per raisebed making a total of 1,500 raisebeds. A total of 5,446.1 kg of assorted vegetables were harvested in eight months period, of this total, leafy vegetables contributed 79.8% (4,347.5 kg), while fruit vegetables shared 20.2% (1,098.6 kg), respectively. The total vegetables produced generated PHP236,630.50 (~4,732.6 USD) in total sales or this is equivalent to PHP1,577.54 raisebed^-1. Vegetable grown in raisebeds also offered direct access to food where each beneficiary consumed about 40% of the total vegetables produced which provide a savings (indirect income) of PHP94,652.20 from the total food consumed, while 60% (PHP141,978.30) derived from direct sales of surplus vegetables (direct income). Direct access to healthy food and income are the potential benefits of vegetable grown in raisebeds in addressing food security and unemployment amidst CoVid 19 pandemic. Organic vegetable production in raisebeds is one initiative to further enhance the capability of urban communities to be resilient and self-sufficient. Expansion of this type of production system with improved soil mix using locally available organic substrates, home-based organic inputs and concoctions can be achieved if government interventions and community supports are in place

Effect of Nan golden orange juice on manufacturing process and characterization of processed cheese during storage

Tassanaudom, U., Khuenpet, K. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The separately acidified with citric acid solution presented a soft set curd and had the highest yield of 72.00+1.53%. The prepared soft cheese was then mixed with milk and butter to produce the cheese blend. Nan golden (NG) orange juice was fortified with different ratios (0,10,20,30,40 and 50%) to cheese blend. NG orange juice was able added up to 50%. The appearance of NG orange juice-cheese blend was uniformly with yellow-orange tone color. Corn starch (5,10 and 15%) was added to make a firmer texture. The optimized addition of corn starch was 5 % due to creating a smooth surface. The improvement of processed cheese texture was studied by using carrageenan (0,0.6,0.8,1 and 1.2%). The use of carrageenan at 0.8% improved the hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of product. The NG orange juice-cheese can be stored at 4^oC for 14 days without microbial qualities changes

Evaluation of SNP markers linked to the THCA and CBDA synthase gene for varietal improvement of Cannabis sativa L.

Tawinchure, T., Toterakun, T., Rumjuankiat, K., Urairong, H. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

This study compared the nucleotide variation of the THCAS gene between the high THC (Type I) and high CBD (Type III) of cannabis plants. The results showed that 12 of 63 SNP positions were selected as having the potential to distinguish between these two types. Validation of the 12 SNPs was performed in F1 progeny derived from the cross between Type III (DNM) and Type I (CHP) plants using a pyrosequencing technique and in silico analysis. The results revealed that the SNP positions 869 (T/C) and 881 (T/G) could be used as effective markers to predict the cannabinoid type of cannabis plant correctly but not the quantity. Finally, the tetra-primer ARMS-PCR was designed to be used as the Marker-Aided Selection in the cannabis breeding program

Stock identification of short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) in Thai waters based on truss network system

Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results of discriminant function analysis (DFA) indicated the first two discriminant function (DF1 and DF2) accounted for 42.6% and 25.3%, respectively. The result of the stepwise discriminant function analysis revealed 16 characters from truss network system. Different characters of the DF1 were observed in head-related characters (1-17), anterior part of the body (2-3), posterior part of body (4-5, 15-16), and caudal trait (9-12). The DF2 showed the different characters in anterior part of the body (3-16), posterior part of body (5-16), and caudal trait (6-15, 6-14). According to the discriminant function analysis, 53.0% of the original groups were correct classification into their own populations. The plotting discriminant function exhibited the intermingling in all demographic groups. This morphometric study of Rastrelliger brachysoma indicated that short mackerel in Thai waters: the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, had a common ancestor’s origin.

Effect of different salinity stress on seedling growth in long bean (Vigna sinensis L.) genotypes

Togatorop, E. R., Sari, D. N., Handayani, S. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The response of long bean genotype in different NaCl concentrations (0 mM, 70 mM, 140 mM and 210 mM) was investigated. The highest concentration of NaCl gave the highest percent of plant death in all genotypes. The increasing concentration of NaCl decreased the plant height, leaf number, leaf chlorophyll, length of root, fresh biomass and dry biomass. Interaction between genotypes and NaCl was significant in parameters plant height, length of root and fresh biomass. The results showed the LC₅₀ of the long bean genotypes was ranged between 93 mM to 210 mM. Under salt stress, the genotypes Metro super, Salsa, Branjangan, and Pujangga 2 showed better growth performance.

Comparison of cost and return between paddy production and rice seeds production of Ban Na Ngam rice mill community enterprise in Chachoengsao province of Thailand

Topphak, P., Khermkhan, J., Suwanmaneepong, S. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The rice production classified to produce paddy for sale and consumption and grow rice to produce rice seeds. When comparing the cost of return of both productions, it was found that the rice seed production members had an average income net was 4,995.90 baht per rai, an average profit net was 3,496.04 baht per rai and an average cost net was 1,499.66 baht per rai. The paddy production members had an average income net of 4,234.11 baht per rai, an average profit net of 1,943.89 baht per rai, and an average cost net of 1,943.89 baht per rai. The information showed that the rice seed production member had an average cost net at a lower level than the cost net of the paddy production member. Most of the production costs come from the variable costs with the higher level of proportions for both members, except the variable costs that the paddy production members had the higher level from the spending on chemical pesticides.

Factors affecting decision-making on greenhouse farming and cost-benefit analysis of greenhouse vegetable crops and melons in the northeastern region of Thailand

Wiseansart, A. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

Northeastern Thai farmers in three provinces: Udon Thani, Nongkhai and Nong Bua Lamphu stated that healthiness was the foremost factor affecting their decision-making on greenhouse farming. Furthermore, cost and benefit of cultivating greenhouse vegetable crops and melons by these farmers were differently differed. In terms of greenhouse vegetable crop farming, it showed that its averaged total cost was 1,965.50 baht/production cycle, and this cost was divided into the averaged variable cost of 1,561.83 baht/production cycle and the averaged fixed cost of 403.67 baht/production cycle; moreover, its net profit was averaged of 1,060.75 baht/production cycle. In greenhouse melon farming, it indicated that its averaged total cost specified 7,595.50 baht/production cycle was based on the averaged variable cost of 6,521.33 baht/production cycle together with the averaged fixed cost of 1,074.17 baht/production cycle; in addition, its averaged net profit was 6,504.50 baht/production cycle. Comparing these results, cost and benefit of cultivating greenhouse vegetable crops and melons were significantly different at a statistical level of 0.05.

Development of a landslide risk area display system by using the geospatial technology with daily rainfall data via the internet network in the Northern region of Thailand

Yongsiri, P., Soytong, P., Laongmanee, W. , Uthaisri, P. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed that the areas with the lowest landslide risk were 50,813.832 square kilometers (sq. km) (54.236 %). The moderate landslide risk areas of 20,924.511 sq. km (22.334 %) are located in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Mae Hong Son provinces. The most high-risk area was 21,952 sq. km (23.431 %) in the districts of Chiang Dao, Chai Prakan and Wiang Haeng in Chiang Mai. The risk areas of Nan province are shown in the districts of Chaloem Phra Kiat and Chiang Klang. The risk areas of Chiang Rai province are in the district of Mae Fah Luang, Mae Chan and Mae Suai. The risk area of Uttaradit Province is located in the district of Nam Pat. The risk areas of Phrae province are located in the Muang District. The risk area of Lampang province is located in the Wang Nuea District. The risk areas of Mae Hong Son province are located in the district of Pai and Mae Sariang. The high to the highest landslide risk areas are located in Nan province with the areas of 3,415.30 sq. km (29.77 %). Phayao province has 1,475.32 sq. km (23.29 %). Lampang province has 1,821.13 sq. km (14.53 %). Lamphun Province has covered 937.98 sq. km (20.82 %). Uttaradit province has covered 2,522.97 sq. km (32.19 %). Chiang Rai province has covered 3,917.91 sq. km or (33.55 %). Chiang Mai province has covered 4,958.91 Sq.Km. (24.66 %). Phrae province has covered 1,912.30 sq. km (29.25 %). Mae Hong Son province has covered 990.84 sq. km (7.81 %). The visualization of landslide risk areas has multiple accessed the channels via mobile phone and computer via with internet network https://landslide.gis-cdn.net/. It showed the distribution of water with the cumulative rain for 6 different tones with less than or equal to 5, 5-20, 20-35, 35-60, 60-90, and more than 90 millimeters per day in the province, district, and sub-district levels

Performance testing of the tandem hybrid solar-biomass dryer for coffee cherry drying

Yuwana, Y., Sidebang, B. — Sat, 15 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0700

The results indicated that the temperature, relative humidity, and chimney air velocity of the front drying chamber were 59.8(±6.3)^oC, 27.5.6(±13.0)%, and 1.3(±0.44)m/s while the temperature, relative humidity and chimney air velocity of the rear drying chamber was 57.1(± 6.1)^oC,73.0(±8.8)%, and 0.35(±0.07)m/s with the referent ambient temperature and relative humidity were 30.4(±2.1)^oC and 73.8(±9.9)%. The moisture content of the coffee cherries decreased drying time following a sigmoid-shaped curve model for all cherry samples of the bed thicknesses in both drying chambers. The coffee cherry drying process for the front drying chamber was faster than that of the rear drying chamber. The time to complete the drying process marked by the green bean maximum moisture content of 12% for the bed thicknesses of 3, 6, 9, and 12 cm were 58.7 h, 62.3 h, 73.8 h, and 86.9 h respectively for the cherry samples in the front drying chamber and 71.0 h, 80.8 h, 88.7 h and 91.4 h for the cherry samples in the rear drying chamber suggesting that the dryer needed to be further explored for a wider range of drying temperature, cherry bed thicknesses, and the result in coffee beans quality leading to adoption for the users.