International Journal of Agricultural Technology

The differences in hatching chick weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality of Japanese quail fed Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) and anchovy by-product as protein sources

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The anchovy waste and Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) have the potential to be used as protein substitutes in poultry feed because they are less expensive and easier to obtain than other sources of animal protein. The results from this study showed for the chick weight, the control group recorded the lowest weight with 6 grams compared to the Treatments 1 and 2 with 7.5 grams respectively. The egg weight was significantly different (p<0.05) for the Treatment 1 (50% BSFL + 50% anchovy waste) and 2 (25% BSFL + 75% anchovy waste), while the differences among chick weight (p>0.05), on the other hand, it had no significant differed in all groups. The highest egg production was found in Treatment 1. However, Treatment 2 was resulted the highest FR (p>0.05), HR (p>0.05) and HFE (p>0.05) as 100%, 21.53% and 21.53%, respectively. The total embryonic mortality rate for the treatment 2 (84.62%) was the highest (p>0.05) as compared to 65.38% and 40% for the treatment 1 and control group, respectively. In conclusion, this analysis showed a positive impact which was evidenced by the treatment 2 group consisting of 25% BSFL and 75% anchovy by-products as a protein source composition

Magnitude of heterosis for some quantitative traits in aromatic rice

Alvaran, P. J., Dela Cruz, L. S. M., Natividad, E. P. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Measurement of heterosis is one among the strategies to achieve the targets in crop improvement, and serves as a guide in making sound decisions in selecting the best hybrids which could be commercially exploited and selected the desirable recombinants in the succeeding generations to develop new lines. The best heterotic effects on maturity was exhibited by CL 1 x P 20, CL 1 x G 12, CL 1 x G 28 and CL 1 X G 10 as shown by their highly significant negative MP heterosis values of -6.2%, -6.85%, -7.41% and -9.01%, respectively and BP heterosis with -8.01%, -7.41%, -10.06% and -9.97%. Heterosis in desirable direction was noted on plant height for Jasmine x P20 over its BP (-8.83%). Heterotic effects on panicle length was highly significantly differed and positively over MP and in maximum on Jasmine x G 28 ( 76.87%) and heterobeltiosis over the better parent in Kasturi x P 20 (21.13%). The positively significant MP heterosis for spikelet fertility was shown by CL 1 x G 28 (18.77%), Pandan x P 20 (18.39%), CL 1 x G 12 (17.40%), Pandan x G10 (16.76%) and CL 1 x P 20 (6.20%). Most of the crosses had highly significant recorded in positive MP (2.58 to 34.55%) and BP heterosis (6.00 to 30.12%) for 1000 seed weight. CL 1x G 10, CL 2 x G 12 and Pandan x P 20 revealed highly significant and positive MP (138.55%, 88.90% and 81.23%) and BP heterosis (66.00%, 125.36% and 48.60%) for yield. CL 1 x G 10, CL 2 x G 12 and Pandan x P 20 would be forwarded in the next generation for identification and selection of transgressive segregants for yield; CL 1 x P 20, CL 1x G 12, CL 1 x G 20 and CL 1x G 10 for earliness; and Jasmine x P 20 for dwarfness or shortness

Biotechnological potential of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas migulae strain GEOT18

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The biotechnological potential of phosphate-solubilizing bacterial Pseudomonas migulae strain GEOT18, isolated from the endosphere of Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó (Orchidaceae Juss) was investigated. The phosphate solubilizing activity of this strain was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by their ability to dissolve tricalcium phosphate. It was established that the Pseudomonas migulae GEOT18 demonstrated strong phosphate-solubilizing activity (the content of free phosphorus in the culture medium was 3.25 ± 0.05 mg/ml). It was revealed that P. migulae GEOT18 synthesizes indole-3-acetic acid into the culture medium up to 21.1 ± 1.4 mg/L. Furthermore, it was established that this strain produces siderophores, can fix molecular nitrogen and does not show phytopathogenic activity. It was proved that inoculation of the marigold Tagetes patula with the P. migulae GEOT18 strain increases the biomass of plants and mass of inflorescence. It accelerates the transfer to the generative phase and prolongs the duration of flowering and fruiting in comparison with non-inoculated plants.

Increasing growth, seed product and phosphorus uptake efficiency of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in Alfisol using phosphorus fertilization methods

Cahyono, O., Minardi, S., Hartati, S. , Rifaldi, D. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The result of the study showed that adding dolomite and fast soluble phosphorus (FSP) fertilizer increased growth, seed yield and P uptake efficiency on Soybean. This study recommended using FSP fertilizer at a dose of 150 kg ha^-1 plus dolomite to increase growth and seed yield of Soybean in Alfisols. There was an increase in growth by 35.79% and seed product by 69.76% compared to the treatment of 150 kg ha^-1 SP36 with no application of dolomite. Meanwhile, it was recommended to use 100 kg ha^-1 FSP + dolomite due to its ability to increase the P uptake efficiency by 93.2 % compared to the treatment of 150 kg ha^-1 SP36 without dolomite application

Relation between geometrical and physicochemical properties of various Thai rough rice

Chanlat, P. , Songsermpong, S. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Thirteen rough rice cultivars were evaluated for geometrical and physicochemical properties corresponding to correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis. The average dimensions were 9.62-11.8 mm for length, 1.73-3.30 mm for width, 0.93-2.06 mm for thickness, 2.93-6.30 for slenderness ratio and hundred-grain weight was 1.98-2.36 g. The arithmetic mean diameter was in range of 4.48 to 5.20 mm, geometric mean diameter was in range of 2.84 to 3.89 mm., equivalent diameter was in range of 1.93 to 2.47 mm. The sphericity values varied from 1.31 to 1.78, grain volume from 15.18 to 31.57 mm³, ellipsoidal volume from 12.10 to 30.95 mm³, surface area from 25.91 to 44.11 mm². Pasting and thermal properties were determined. Significant differences were presented among all cultivars (p ≤ 0.05). Apparent amylose content was in range of 2.84 to 26.88 % and it did not show correlation in geometry (p > 0.05) but strong effect on pasting (p ≤ 0.01) and thermal properties (p ≤ 0.05) of brown rice flour. The hierarchical cluster analysis using rough rice geometry revealed that it could be classified by four groupings based on dimensional and geometrical characteristics, and three grouping by pasting and gelatinization of rice flour. This study might be used as index for designing the equipment and processing of rice

Effect of seedling management under aerobic soil on the yield and yield Components of Kum Bangpra Rice Variety (Oryza sativa L.).

Chinaworn, S., Sennoi, R., Boonkrachang, N. , Promsomboon, P. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The effect of the number of seedlings hill^-1on the yield under aerobic soil was investigated which compared to anaerobic soil, and identified the age of the seedlings for the maximum yield under aerobic soil of the Kum Bangpra rice variety. In the first experiment, it was found that there was an effect on the water levels, and number of seedlings hill^-1 interaction on the number of spikelets panicle^-1, number of filled grains panicle^-1, number of empty grains panicle^-1, and grain yield hill^-1. The highest grain yields under aerobic soil were found in using three seedlings hill^-1 with 41.5 g. hill^-1 that was not different from one and two seedlings hill^-1 under anaerobic soil (41.2 g and 41.7 g, respectively). Using three seedlings hill^-1 under aerobic soil also provided agronomic characteristics that contributed to high productivity as the lower plant height (157 cm), 11 tillers seedlings hill^-1, 11 panicles hill^-1, 183 spikelets panicle^-1, 138 filled grains panicle^-1, 82% of filled grain, and 2.55 g of 100 grain-weight. The condition of the aerobic soil showed that it saved water by 26.3%. For the age of the seedlings, it was found that direct seeding and younger seedlings (15 days) were more well-established than the older seedlings, which displayed a clear plant height of 156-160 cm., 12 tillers seedlings hill^-1, 11 panicles hill^-1, 176 spikelets panicle^-1, 158 filled grains panicle^-1, 90% of filled grain, 2.43 g of 100 grain-weight, and 38.4 g of grain yield hill^-1. Thus, it could be concluded that cultivation of the Kum Bangpra rice variety under aerobic soil by using younger seedlings or direct seeding with three seedlings hill^-1 could maintain a high yield similar to anaerobic soil.

Olive oil quality characteristics of olive orchards (Olea europaea var. euroupaea L.) in a semi-arid continental zone: Case of the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region in Morocco

Elhabty, M., Ait yacine, Z., Hasib, A., Boundi, A., Alaoui, M. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The physical and chemical analysis of the quality of olive oil trees (Olea europaea var. euroupaea L.) in the years of 2017-2019 period at continental environment with semi-arid climate, Beni Mellal-Khenifra land's, located in central Morocco is revealed territorial specifications. Four homogeneous agricultural territorial units were identified. Result showed the plain with great hydraulic irrigation, the pluviometric plain with private irrigation pumping, the piedmont zone (alias "Dir" zone) and the medium mountain zone. These spatial units had showed significant differences in the values of the essential parameters of quality of the olive oil. The percentage free acidity content were 0.96, 1.76, 1.19 and 1.31, peroxide index (with meq/ O2/kg) were 7.38, 6.34, 10.00, 7. 09, the two specific extinctions under ultraviolet radiation at wavelength 232 nm showed 0.94, 1.34, 0.79 and 0.74, respectively. The wavelength at 270 nm showed non significant difference in the values of 0.08, 0.09, 0.15 and 0.08. It is found that the agricultural territorial unit "the plain of great hydraulic irrigation" presented significantly the best quality of olive oil. It was nearly equal frequence of class of extra virgin oil (50.02 %), and class of virgin oil (49.48 %). The performance of area is explained by the fertility of the soils, the judicious choice of the plant material, the relatively young age of the olive orchards, the suitable levels of technicality of the local olive growers, and also the respect of the good practices of hygiene by the crushing units with improved mode within the studied area.

Appropriate sowing technique to enhance productivity and maximize the net return of alfalfa crop

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Alfalfa (Medicgo sativa L.) is a popular forage crop of Pakistan due to its multi cutting, palatable and nutritious forage quality. In Pakistan, huge gap in alfalfa yield and demand is unavoidable to be engineered. The scientific research was planned to find out suitable sowing technique for enhancing the forage and grain production and also maximize the income and net return. The study was selected five sowing methods at 15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm row to row distance and Broadcast (BC). Results revealed that broadcast sowing technique produced higher values of main components of yield and enhanced forage yield by 15%, grain tonnage by 23% and net return 24.4% over control (i.e. 30 cm apart row to row). The economic data showed a highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 3.34 (24.6%) by broadcast technique when alfalfa sown in standing water than control (i.e. row to row 30 cm).

Pectin from mango peels as edible coating to extend the shelf life of fresh mango

Gragasin, MC. B. , Villota, SM. M. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The effectiveness of mango pectin derived from mango peels as edible coating to prolong the shelf-life of fresh mangoes was evaluated. Various pectin-based formulations were prepared and coated to freshly harvested mangoes. Coated and uncoated mangoes were stored at room temperature (25-27^oC) and chiller (8-10^oC). The physico-chemical properties were measured every 3 days up to 12 days and 24 days under ambient and chilled storage, respectively. Under ambient room condition, 2-4% mango pectin solution delayed the fruit ripening, reduced the increase of total soluble solids, texture softening, and prevented signs of disease manifestations in coated mangoes for up to 12 days as compared to uncoated/control mangoes. The uncoated/control mangoes were fully ripe and moderately damaged on day 6. Under chilled storage, mangoes coated with 2-4% mango pectin remained free from visible manifestation of diseases until day 24 with reduced rate of physical and chemical changes, compared with uncoated mangoes which incurred 50% damage and disease development on day 12. Therefore, under laboratory scale experiments, 2-4% pure mango pectin was an effective treatment in extending the shelf-life of fresh mangoes. This technology will help in reducing postharvest losses of fresh mangoes and will make the mango industry competitive in reaching more international markets. Efficacy of the pure mango pectin, under semi-commercial experimental trials, as edible coating to extend the shelf-life of fresh mangoes should be conducted to verify its adaptation

Effect of glucose on endoglucanase and β-glucosidase production by some indigenous Indonesian fungi

Hidayati, F. L. N., Suroto, D. A., Widada, J., Sardjono, Cahyanto, M. N. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in most fungi is affected by carbon catabolite repression. The effect of glucose on the production of endoglucanase and β-glucosidase was examined by some indigenous Indonesian fungi. After screening for cellulase production using the clear zone method in solid medium, 11 indigenous fungi isolated from various sources in Indonesia were grown in liquid medium containing carboxymethyl cellulose as a carbon source and supplemented with glucose at various concentrations (0, 1, 3, 5%) for 4 days. Endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities in the growth medium were then examined. Strains PK1J2, MLT3J2, MLT4J1, and MLT5J1 produced more endoglucanase and β-glucosidase than the other strains in medium without glucose supplementation. Trichoderma asperellum PK1J2 was the highest enzyme producer, giving 0.79 U/mL endoglucanase and 1.49 U/mL β-glucosidase. Except for strains MLT2J2, MLT5J1 and G2J2, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase production by the other strains was partially repressed by 1% glucose. However, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase were hardly produced by all strains when the fungi were grown in medium supplemented with 3% glucose

Using nematode communities as an indicator of soil quality assessment for pepper (Piper nigrum L.) growing

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Soil nematode communities have been known as one of the most potential bio-indicators for soil quality assessment. Soil quality cultivated with black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, using soil nematode communities as indicator organisms was assessed. A total of 72 soil samples were elucidated at 12 sites at two soil depths of 0-10cm and 10-20cm. There were found 51 genera of nematodes which belong to 27 families in 7 orders. They are identified and classified in the 5 primary feeding groups as plant-parasites, bacterivores, fungivores, ominivores and predators. Four plant-parasitic nematode genera were found as Meloidogyne, Ditylenchus, Discocriconemella and Rotylenchulus. The total of 18 nematode genera found to be associated with black pepper cultivation. MI, PPI indices and c-p triangles showed that soil environment was stable and not appeared much stress. Correlation analysis indicated soil nematode communities had closedly interacted with environmental factors, of which, the feeding groups had better correlation than the biological index and showed potential of soil nematode communities used as bio-indicators for the monitoring and assessment of soil environmental quality

Effect of maize cob as replacement for maize (Zea mays) on the growth performance and haematological profile of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings

Irabor, A. E., Ekelemu, J. K., Nwachi, F. O., Olawale, J. O., Pierre, J. H. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

An experiment was conducted on the performance and haematology of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed with compounded diets (maize cob meal or MCM) as replacement for maize). Triplicate groups of 30 fish samples with initial average weight of 9.75 g were randomly stocked per dietary treatment and fed with 5 different diets (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% maize cob meal respectively). The study lasted for eight (8) weeks. There were significant (P<0.05) differences across dietary treatments as inclusion levels of MCM increased. It was observed that 40% inclusion level of MCM had the best mean values for weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survival rate at 25.64 g, 2.21 and 96% respectively. Data on haematological profile revealed that the haematocrit (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and White blood cell (WBC) in 60% MCM had the highest mean value (36.67, 12.23 and 6466.7 respectively), while red blood cells (RBC) was highest in 40% MCM (7.20). Conclusively, replacement of maize with MCM up to 40% inclusion level is recommended for optimum performance of C. gariepinus fingerlings

The boosting of anthocyanin accumulation in black rice cv. Riceberry by spraying MgSO4 at two different altitudes under field conditions

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The three MgSO₄ treatments were sprayed to the Riceberry variety at booting stage in high altitude (Chiang Rai; CR) and low altitude (Nakhon Pathon; NKP). The results of MgSO₄ foliar spraying at different concentrations did not affect by agronomic traits and grain yield in each location. However, most agronomic traits and grain yield except grain weight in CR were significantly higher than those in NKP. The grain yield in CR ranged from 6.23–6.95 t/ha, while that of NKP ranged from 3.89–4.43 t/ha. When consider the anthocyanin content, spraying MgSO₄ at 100 mM in CR showed the highest anthocyanin content (192 mg/100 g) and increased approximately 50% over the control (128 mg/100g). On the other hand, the anthocyanin content after spraying MgSO₄ at 100 mM (76 mg/100 g) and 50 mM (70 mg/100 g) in NKP was not significant, but it was higher than that of 0 mM MgSO₄ (48 mg/100 g). In addition, the anthocyanin contents from CR were significantly higher than from NKP for any amount of MgSO₄ treatment. The phenolic compound and antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH assay were positively correlated with anthocyanin content. However, foliar application of MgSO₄ had no clear impact on color intensity or pericarp thickness. Thus, growing Riceberry variety at high altitude and boosting anthocyanin synthesis with 100 mM Mg can produce high anthocyanin contents and grain yields.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels and N2-fixing rhizosphere bacteria supplements, Enterobacter asburiae, on soil fertility, N uptake, growth and yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivated on alluvial soil in dyke

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The result showed the fertilization 90.0 kg N ha-1 had total nitrogen uptake, plant height, leaves number, concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and a+b, and sesame grain yield higher than that fertilization at 0.0 kg N ha-1, with the corresponding values of, 110.0 mg pot-1, 75.5 cm, 17.6 leaves plant-1, 10.9 µg mL-1, 2.95 µg mL-1, 13.9 µg mL-1 and 6.34 g pot-1, compared to 23.4 mg pot-1, 26.6 cm, 12.3 leaves plant-1, 8.11 µg mL-1, 1.94 µg mL-1, 10.1 µg mL-1 and 2.17 g pot-1, respectively. Supplementation of only Enterobacter asburiae ASD-07, only E. asburiae ASD-28 or both E. asburiae ASD-07 and E. asburiae ASD-28 raised the available nitrogen content in soil, the total nitrogen uptake, plant height, capsules number per plant and sesame grain yield, with the values of 4.20-6.40 mg NH4+ kg-1, 32.4-45.0 mg N pot-1, 1.7-4.2 cm, 3.75-5.15 capsules plant-1 and 1.51-1.62 g pot-1, respectively. The addition of NFRB strains either individual or dual ASD-07 and ASD-28 combined with 45.0 or 67.5 kg N ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a higher sesame yield, in comparison to fertilization 90.0 kg N ha 1 as a recommended fertilizer formula with no bacteria

Compensatory growth response with switching dietary protein levels in common lowland frog, Rana rugulosa

Klahan, R., Kaithong, S. , Ounsawat, S. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The results showed outstanding highest growth performance and feed utilization at the end of the trial, especially yield and economic value for T5 (P<0.05). The survival rate of T3 was the lowest (82.50%) while the other groups were in the range of 92.50 – 100.00% (P<0.05). The carcass composition in terms of edible flesh and flesh quality in terms of percentage of protein was highest in T1 and T5 which were 31.91 – 32.57 % and 73.50 – 73.83 %, respectively (P<0.05). Therefore, feeding frogs for the first month, catfish feed for the second month, and frog feed for the third month revealed suitable feeding regime by the response on compensation, promoting growth performance and feed utilization, and provided the highest yield lowest feed cost

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid as a protective viroid isolate against Columnea latent viroid and Pepper chat fruit viroid in tomato plants

Kungwon, P., Netwong, C., Porsoongnoen, S., Reanwarakorn, K. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The effect of prior inoculation of CSVd isolate on disease progression induced by CLVd or PCFVd isolates were observed in tomato plants. Tomato plants infected with CSVd alone showed no apparent symptoms on the leaves. In contrast, tomato plants infected with CLVd showed common symptoms at 4 weeks after inoculation, such as plant stunting, leaves epinasty, distortion and discoloration. Necrosis of the veins and substantial stunting were seen in PCFVd-infected tomato plants. Those inoculated with CLVd at the same time as the challenge inoculation had less severe symptoms than those infected with CLVd inoculation. Fewer symptoms were observed in tomato plants that had been first inoculated with CSVd and challenged with CLVd. In tomato plants inoculated with PCFVd, severe necrosis on leaf veins was observed with fewer signs of necrosis on the tomato plants that were infected with PCFVd at the same time as the challenge inoculation. However, in tomato plants infected with CSVd and challenged with PCFVd, mild discoloration on the leaf with no necrosis was detected. The results showed that CSVd could replicate when confirmed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cross-protected tomato plants inoculated with CSVd and then challenged with PCFVd could produce fruit. On the other hand, PCFVd-infected tomato plants produced no fruit. The two cases of cross-protection bioassay, namely CSVd challenged with CLVd and CSVd challenged with PCFVd, can be helpful in the development of plants resistant to severe viroids.

Ectoparasite species attacking chicken in eastern area of Bangkok, Thailand

Lakyat, A., Pumnuan, J., Thipmanee, K. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Ectoparasites of chickens are important for poultry farming and other types of poultry rearing by ways of causing nuisance and being as transmitter of various diseases to poultry resulting in poor-quality and quantity products. From the directly survey result, it was found that Megninia cubitalis mostly attacked laying hens reared in a cage at neck, wing, chest, back and buttock with the average number of 52.1- 204.9 mites per chicken, and followed by injured on Rhode Island red with 85.0 mites, abundantly at buttock. And the louse, Lipeurus caponis was found in Polish chicken with 100.5 insects that mostly appeared at back of chicken, and followed by the appearance in Rhode Island red with 70.0 insects, abundantly at chest. This insect preferred to live at wing and chest. Whereas, result from suction method showed that Megninia cubitalis was also found in laying hen reared in a cage with the average number of 71.4-168.3 mites per chicken. It lives everywhere on the body as neck, head and buttock. Besides, Cuclotogaster heterogoraphus was observed on the body area equal to 43.8 insects, where the louse, Menopon gallinae was monitored in Polish chickens with totally, 22.5 insects, plenty at the buttock area.

Characterization and transmission of Columnea latent viroid in tomato

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) causes yield loss in tomatoes. Its transmission data are critical in determining how to reduce the risk of disease spread. The current study characterized and studied CLVd transmission in tomato plants. CLVd crude sap was diluted and incubated at 100°C or room temperature. CLVd was mechanically inoculated onto the tomato cultivars Seedathip 4 and Cherry 154. Total RNA was extracted from seeds or leaves from CLVd-infected tomato plants, and the presence of CLVd was confirmed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), biological assays, and sequencing. When the crude sap was diluted with phosphate buffer to 10^-1 and 10^-2, viroid infectivity remained constant. In addition, viroid infectivity was lost after 30 minutes of heating at 100ºC. The dried viroid crude sap was infected in 2 days after incubation at room temperature. CLVd could be transmitted via mechanical means in seed but not via root transmission. The fruit shape, color, and size varied when tomato plants were inoculated at various stages of development. Yield loss may happen more severe in Seedathip 4 tomato plants inoculated at the seedling and flowering stages. The symptoms caused by CLVd were also found in the columella area in fruits. The rate of seed transmission was 0.25%. CLVd lost its infectivity after crude sap, which was treated using various methods. It found that CLVd did not carry through root transmission. While the rate of seed transmission was low, the seeds may carry viroid disease

Yield and oil response of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) to nitrogen application

Lemessa, G. B., Zerihun, J. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The finding revealed that there was highly significant (P<0.01) difference of the main effect of linseed variety on biomass yield, seed oil yield were highly significant (P<0.01) for the main effect of nitrogen fertilizer level. While, percent oil content of seed was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by interaction effect of both factors. Thus, the highest (8846 kg ha^-1) and lowest (7090 kg ha^-1) biomass yield and the maximum (1964 kg ha^-1) and minimum (1132 kg ha^-1) seed yield were obtained from application of 46 kg N ha^-1 and control, respectively with 83.2% advantage. However, the highest percent seed oil content (38.3%) was obtained from Bekoji-14 variety with control and the lowest (35.1%) were obtained from Kulumsa-1 with 46 kg N ha^-1 interaction effect, this indicating the oil content declined at higher nitrogen rate. The maximum and minimum seed oil yield was obtained from 46 kg N ha^-1(695.9 kg ha^-1) and control treatment (422 kg ha^-1, respectively. Kulumsa-1 variety was the best performance for studied characters. Regression analysis of linseed variety and nitrogen fertilizer rate on seed yield showed a positive linear response implying an increasing trend at every amount of treatment added while in contrast the regression line for percent seed oil content was linear negatively declined. The result revealed that maximum net benefit of 60,097 EB (Ethiopian Birr) ha^-1was obtained from application of 46 KgN ha^-1 and Kulumsa-1 or Bekolji-14 with marginal rate of return of 6866% as economically profitable in the study area

Field performance of adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi l.) under organic planting system in acidic marginal upland in the Philippines

Magallon, W. N., Cabahug, A. G. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Adlai (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) is a resilient crop that can be grown even in acidic marginal uplands and is considered a climate-resilient crop. The effects of goat manure as an organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of Adlai on acidic marginal land were investigated. The results revealed that the application of 5 tons per hectare (T3) of goat manure obtained the highest effects on the growth, the number of tillers, and the yield of Adlai, with 2.23 t ha^-1with a net income of Php 32,700.42, and obtained a 96.04 percent return of investment (P=<0.01). However, because of the treatment's higher cost of production, the application of 2.5 tons/ha of goat manure (T2) generated a maximum net income of PhP 31. 329.57 with a 107.36 percent ROI. The application of goat manure at 2.5–5 tons per hectare is best for Adlai production when planted in acidic marginal upland since its effects are comparable to inorganic fertilizer. Further studies may be conducted on the residual effects of fertilizer materials on the ratooned Adlai plants.

Comparative effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, antioxidant activity and bacoside content in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

Maikami, M. , Kanto, U., Sonjaroon, W., Promdang, S. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.) has been recently studied extensively for using in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The effects of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on the growth and bacoside contents during the growth phase of the Brahmi plant were investigated. The aged plants of two weeks after propagation were treated with fertilizers consisting of organic fertilizer-swine manure extract (SME) and bat guano extract (BGE) and inorganic fertilizers (N-P-K: 46-0-0, 16-16-16 or 24-7-7) for 8 weeks. The soil application of SME was significantly elevated the fresh and dry weights, relative growth rate and the promotion of root numbers in plants compared to the chemical fertilizers. Plants growth using the chemical fertilizer treatments had the highest total bacoside and phenolic compounds contents, and the highest scavenging activity compared to the SME and BGE treatments. These results indicated to benefit in combining SME with chemical fertilizer for Brahmi yield enhancement. The results indicated an alternative, inexpensive method to improve the yield and pharmaceutical components of Brahmi plants.

The effects of genetic groups, and age on the chemical composition, physical properties, and somatic cell count of raw buffalo milk

Mettamehtar, K., Tuntivisoottikul, K., Takeungwongtrakul, S. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The genetic groups of the buffaloes influenced all the chemical compositional traits (P<0.05), and some physical properties, such as the percentage of citric acid content, and the milk urea nitrogen concentration (P<0.01). Milk from Swamp buffaloes had the highest percentage of fat content (11.1%) compared to purebred Murrah (7.9%) and 75%Murrah crossbreeds (8.2%), but it was not statistically different from the 50% Murrah crossbreeds (9.5%). Similar results were found in the percentages of protein, solid-not-fat, and total solids content. The purebred Murrah showed the highest average lactose content (4.9%), but it did not statistically differ from those of the 50% Murrah crossbreeds (4.6%) and Swamp buffalo (4.5%). The highest citric acid content was found in the Swamp buffaloes (0.20%), while the lowest of the trait was observed in the 100%Murrah. The Swamp buffaloes and the 50% Murrah crossbreeds had higher averages of urea concentration than the 100% Murrah and the 75% Murrah crossbreeds. The age of the animals in different genetic groups did not affect most of the studied traits (P>0.05), except the percentage of milk fat content, the percentage of citric acid and the percentage of urea concentration (P<0.05). The 50%Murrah crossbreeds and Swamp buffaloes which were older than 9 years old which had higher averages of fat content than the other groups. The highest citric acid content average was found in the 50%Murrah crossbreeds which were older than 9 years old, and the highest urea concentration average was detected in milk from the 50% Murrah crossbreeds which were younger than 7 years old

Causes and solution of forest and agricultural burning in Northern, Thailand

Prapatigul, P., Sreshthaputra, S. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The result revealed that the major causes of forest and agricultural burning concerned the modification of crop production patterns (subsistence production to commercial production), changed in the economic system, needed for the villagers to improve their quality of life under the limited availability of arable land, and beliefs and traditions. In addition, in-depth interviews with the community leaders indicated that local political bullying, conflicted with local government, negligence, foraging and hunting, and burning within the community fire barrier but being unable to control the fire which can lead to forest and agricultural burning. Furthermore, in-depth interviews with community leaders and village representatives in the Mae Chaem Model Project revealed that solutions to the problems are established in a village fire barrier, villagers’ participation process, built an understanding with villagers, the government policy for 60 days without burning forest and agricultural area to reduce smog, and helping to support the government. Thus, the success of community participation is depended on good leaders, supporting and continuous remedial measures. The cooperation of parties involved in the forest and wildfire management and created the opportunities for knowledge exchange between them which is considered as a sustainable approach for wildfire management

Knowledge and practice following good agricultural practices (GAP) in Durian cultivation along the border in Srisakorn district, Narathiwat province

Prapruit, P., Wikraisakul, J. , Pomsakul, A. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Results indicated that the farmers owning durian plantations had knowledge related to GAP in high level ( = 36.06). For practicing levels which followed eight items of GAP, the study found that highest rate to produce in the storage and transportation ( = 1.89), and the second-highest rating was used for agricultural hazardous substances ( = 1.81). The lowest rating at moderate level was water resources ( = 1.19). Factors related to GAP were gender, education level, source of money, farming experience, advice from the extension officer, experienced knowledge exchange, and level of GAP knowledge. These were associated with sub-items of GAP with statistical significances at p-levels of 0.01 and 0.05. Various stakeholders can use the results of this study for planning work urged the farmers to adopt practices which directly followed to GAP under the sub-items surveyed

Community participation in the special efforts to increase rice production program (UPSUS) in Ambarawa Pringsewu Regency, Lampung, Indonesia

Rangga, K. K., Gitosaputro, S., Listiana, I., Yanfika, H., Bursan, R. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The Indonesian government in self-sufficiency in rice carried out a Special Effort Program (UPSUS) to increase rice production in Indonesia. To achieve sustainable self-sufficiency in rice, extension workers, students and village supervisory officers (babinsa) are important elements in mobilizing the main actor farmers to be able to apply technology. Extension workers, students and Babinsa are one of the driving factors for farmers (main actors) and can play an active role as communicators, facilitators, advisors, motivators, educators, organizers and dynamists in the context of implementing special efforts to increase rice production. The results showed that the level of farmers participation in the UPSUS program was in middle classification, the factors that related to farmers participation were knowledge of UPSUS program, the frequency of attending the extension activity, the level of farmer motivation, and cosmopolite character. The age, the level of formal education, and the large number of landowners were not related to farmer participation, and there was a correlation between farmers participation in UPSUS programs and the rice productivity in Ambarawa Sub-district. The results showed that the frequency of extension activities has a strong relationship with Farmer Participation in the UPSUS. This implies that more and more farmer activities have an impact on improving the UPSUSprogram. This program will be successful if it is supported by the land area owned by the farmers. Other findings in this study were age, and formal education were not associated with the success of the UPSUS Pajale program. This means that the success of the program does not depend on the education and age of the farmers, because most of the farmers do not have formal education and the average age is in the older group.

Determination of pregnancy associated - glycoproteins (PAGs) During and post pregnancy in riverine buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis Linn.)

Rigos L. M., Atabay, E. C., Atabay, E. P. , Apolinario, J. P. R. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Through pregnancy-associated glycoprotein assay, an overall conception rate of 54. 17% at days 25 and 30 post fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was observed in the study. The pregnancy of the riverine buffaloes (n=13) was confirmed through transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) at day 40, showing the presence of an amniotic vesicle and an embryo with a beating heart. The mean plasma level of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) of the pregnant buffaloes (n=11) were found at a high level as early as days 25, 30, and 40 (1.21 ± 0.20 ng/ml, 12.11 ± 1.67, and 28.81 ± 2.57 ng/ml) and observed to have increasing trend/pattern with the progression of pregnancy until day 300 (114.01 ± 10.05). Two of the animals that were confirmed pregnant at day 40 post artificial insemination (AI) via TRUS undergone early pregnancy loss. While the non-pregnant buffalo’s plasma PAGs remained at a very low level on day 25 (0.17 ± 0. 04 ng/ml) to day 40 (0.06 ± 0.02 ng/ml) and further confirmed the non-pregnancy via TRUS. Two waves of peak increase in the concentration of PAGs were found during the gestation period of the riverine buffaloes. The 1^st peak was observed during the 1^st trimester (day 60) and the 2^nd peak was during the last trimester (day 270) of gestation. Generally, the findings on PAGs at early and throughout the gestation period of riverine buffaloes appeared higher than those reported in other studies. Postpartum residual clearance of PAGs concentration in the maternal circulation of the buffaloes was found to be slowly decreasing from 114.33 ± 13.75ng/ml at week 1 to nadir at week 10 with a plasma level of 0.11 ± 0.01 ng/ml.

Evaluating environmental adaptive variability of various Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) fodder cultivars

Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Five cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were studied in Sargodha Pakistan to examine their adoptive variability to improve the forage quality and production. Results of the study revealed notable variations in yield and quality of these cultivars. It was observed that the cultivar SGD-Lucerne 2002 produced highest green fodder yield (101.33 t ha^-1), dry matter yield (20.0 t ha^-1), crude protein yield (3.89 t ha^-1), average plant height (81.5 cm), digestible dry matter (73.29 %), dry matter intake (4.28 %), relative feed values (243.96) and number of tillers (490 m^-2) when the temperature remained between 2 ℃ and 17 ℃. Whereas, in December-January, Alpharite showed better plant height (73.33 cm) as compared to SGD-Lucerne 2002 (51.00 cm), having maximum values of acid detergent fiber (33.1%) and neutral detergent fiber (34.7%) while the highest crude protein contents (21.95 %) was found in Surdii 10 cultivar. Based on the results of this study, the authors recommend the cultivation of cultivar SGD-Lucerne 2002 in similar ecologies and environment

Technical performance of developed appropriate technologies: Its utilization as an approach for sustainable Philippine agricultural mechanization

Romallosa, A. R. D., Laraño, L. E., Arostique, D. R. M., Hisu-an, L. M. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The study related to the technical performance of the different appropriate technologies developed in Iloilo City, Philippines to introduce the agriculture sector machinery and equipment access and solutions towards sustainable agricultural mechanization operations. The utilization of agricultural equipment is cited as an important tool to promote agricultural modernization through the use of technologies, preserving the environmental and cultural components and incorporating socio-economic considerations in order to attain the sustainable development of both the food and the agriculture sectors. The six selected technological development are subdivided into three mechanization categories, namely: Crop Management Technologies, Size Reduction Technologies, and By-Product Utilization Technologies. They were all subjected to actual operating performance evaluation at a minimum of three test runs and the results were compared in terms of the minimum requirements set by the Philippine National Standards or Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PNS/PAES). Results revealed that the important operating parameters such as operating efficiency of the technologies developed starting from postharvest (77% - 80%), to size reduction (92% - 99.67%) and by-product utilization (8.4% - 13.1%) were computed to be within the Philippine National Standards or Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards. These outcomes indicated the promising technical potentials when they are introduced in communities to the users.

Phytochemical characteristics of white turmeric rhizome (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe) essential oil from Lembang, West Java, Indonesia

Rosa, D., Pranasti, E. A., Halim, Y. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) rhizome is widely used as a cooking and medicinal ingredient. It is important to determine the essential oil standard that is abundant in white turmeric to prevent adulteration. The results showed that the yield concentration of essential oil from C. zedoaria was 0.66% v/w with the following characteristics: brownies colour, spicy taste, as well as sharp and specific aroma. The phytochemical screening result indicated that the essential oil contained alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, sesquiterpenoid, and quinone. Other phytochemical characteristics included specific gravity value, optical rotation, refractive index, and sapofinication value which were 0.989 g/cm³, (+)15.19, 1.501, and 28.05 respectively. C.zedoaria essential oil was soluble in 80% and 90% ethanol but not soluble in 50%, 60%, and 70% ethanol. Using GC-MS, twenty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil, of which camphor was the marker compound

The cultivation of Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C) in the Plastic Bag in Thailand

Sornprasert, R., Kasipar, K., Katekunlaphan, T., Tongchure, S., Sukkapan, P. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The cultivation of milky mushroom (C. indica P&C) in the plastic bag had full colonized on the substrate was found to be fastest on the formula 14 (rice straw). The fastest primordia to fruiting body development period was found with formula 11 (bamboo leaves) with the minimum and maximum of average ambient temperature of 30.68^oC and 31.86^oC. Formula 9 (corn cob) resulted in the highest fruiting body weight, while the formula 11 gave the highest amount of fruiting bodies. For the duration of full colonized, mycelia to primordia and primordia to fruiting bodies, formula 10 (cat tail) resulted in the fewest total days. Meanwhile, formula 15 (banana pseudostem) gave highest the Biological efficientcy. The crude extract of fruiting bodies with ethanol were analyzed by the thin layer chromatography and 4 bands were detected with R_f 0.16, 0.26, 0.32 and 0.54. After bioactive compounds analyzing by chemical reaction, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, phenolic and terpenoid were found, which agrees with the spectroscopy tests. For the nutritional value analysis, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, ash, moisture and minerals were found in different quantities in the fruiting bodies. The consideration on an annual basis, formula 9 showed the lowest total annual cost. There were three cases of fresh mushrooms price/kg including 250, 400 and 700 baht/kg, considered on an annual basis, formula 10 resulted in the highest return. If considering profits, formula 9 brought the greatest profit per bag, while if considered annually, formula 10 generated the highest profit. Moreover, if the price was 250 baht/kg, formula 10, formula 11, formula 14 and formula 15 would result in the shortest payback period within 1 year, while formula 1 (rice husk), formula 3 (rain tree sawdust), formula 9, formula 2 (khae na sawdust) and formula 5 (para rubber sawdust), had 2-year payback periods. Moreover, formula 10 is presented to be the best net present value when compared to the other formulas

Effect of replacing soybean meal with malted chocolate drink’s spent grain on productive performance of broilers

Suklerd, S., Thumdee, P. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The results of this study revealed that the soybean meal (SBM) substitution with malted chocolate drink’s spent grain (SG) at the levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% resulted in a decrease in body weight gain (BW gain), average daily gain (ADG) and daily feed intake (DFI) as the percent of SG increased. However, broilers fed 30% SG had BW gain, and ADG and DFI like those of the control group (p>0.05) and had a slightly lower feed conversion ratio than the control group but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). For carcass composition, the results revealed that the percentage of breast meat in the 20% and 30% SG groups, as well as the percentage of tenderloin in all SG groups were greater than those in the control group (p<0.05). Whereas, no differences were found between treatments with regards to whole carcass weight, eviscerated carcass weight and carcass percentage as well as wing, thigh, drumstick and abdominal fat (% of whole carcass weight) (p>0.05). Moreover, SG did not significantly affect survival rate and hematological characteristics including PCV, RBC and WBC. In conclusion, SG can be used in broiler diets as a replacement for SBM at the level of 30%.

Physical properties and nutritional value of durian juice produced from durian chips by-products

Boonna, S., Phuangborisut, S., Chanawanno, T. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

One of the most popular of the processed durian as durian chips which is being widely consumed in Thailand. There are many by-products and wastes in the process such as flesh, shell, and seeds. Those utilization is important for product development with economic value and decreasing environmental problems. Durian juice was firstly formulated from flesh and water at a ratio of 1:5. The different amounts of ripe durian flesh (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) on the physical properties such as color value (L*, a*, and b*), viscosity, and sensory attributes of durian juice were studied. An increase in the amount of ripe durian flesh resulted in the increased L* and b* color values (p<0.05). Moreover, the viscosity of durian juice tended to increase with the higher amount of ripe durian flesh used. Sensory attributes as evaluated using the 9-point hedonic scale showed that consumers rated with the maximum overall acceptability of 7.08 for the formulation with 15% ripe durian flesh. This durian juice formulation had a pH of 6.6, a total soluble solid of 8.3 °Brix, a viscosity of 73.0 cP, and antioxidant activity as analyzed using DPPH assay of 4.07%. The chemical compositions and nutritional value of the final product (15% ripe durian flesh) were investigated. It contained 6.33% carbohydrate, 0.29% protein, 0.1% fat, 1.96% fiber, 0.24% ash, 0% cholesterol, 21.81 mg/100g calcium, 0.036 mg/100g vitamin B1, and 37.15 kCal/100g. The results indicated that durian juice produced from the waste flesh in durian chip processing is a good source of many important substances, especially fiber and calcium

Antagonistic activity of Candida utilis SCKU1 yeast against crown rot disease of ‘Hom Thong’ Banana (Musa acuminata, AAA group)

Tongsri, V. , Sanosomneng, K., Umrung, S., Montri, N. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

Candida utilis SCKU1 yeast had an antifungal activity on seven isolates of fruit postharvest pathogens ranging from 21.5–49.1% inhibition. It was the most effective antagonist against two pathogens, Colletotrichum musae BCm1 causing banana anthracnose and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae DL1 causing durian fruit rot. Inhibition zone appearances on co-culture plates were observed on four pathogens including C. gloeosporioides DCg1, C. musae BCm1, L. pseudotheobromae DL1 and Phomopsis sp. isolate DP1. The largest zone of inhibition (10.15±0.75 mm wide) was noticed in L. pseudotheobromae DL1 plate. Yeast culture filtrate was able to inhibit the mycelial growth of all pathogens, but the most inhibition was found in four pathogens, C. gloeosporioides DCg1, C. gloeosporioides MCg1, C. musae BCm1 and Phomopsis sp. isolate DP1 with 80.6–84.2% inhibition. Additionally, both yeast cell suspension and its culture filtrate significantly reduced the disease severity of banana crown rot by 35.9 and 33.5%, respectively. However, the mechanism of antagonistic yeast against crow rot disease was demonstrated by producing cell wall degrading enzymes such as beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase. Cell suspension and culture filtrate of yeast also provided the induction of disease resistance by stimulating the activity of the defense-related enzyme, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase against the disease. PAL activity was greatly activated by both treatments at 72 h after application (haa). The activity of beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase was also induced by both treatments starting from 48 haa, but the highest level of both enzyme activities was demonstrated at 96 haa. At 96 haa, the level of chitinase activity was extremely enhanced by culture filtrate of yeast. This preliminary study revealed that either yeast cell suspension or its culture filtrate might be alternatively used for controlling banana crow rot on banana production

Effects of natural bioactive mixture at varying levels on the growth and economic parameters of broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Villaver, J. P. , Cagatin, R. S. — Fri, 15 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +0700

The results of the study ascertained that the rates of the natural bioactive mixture (combination of onion, lemon, and garlic juice) did not influence the weight of broilers and average daily gain at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of rearing (P=>0.05). The weight of internal organs (liver, gizzard, gall bladder, spleen, esophagus, and lungs) and external organs (head, neck, back, wing, breast, feet, thigh, and drumstick) were not significantly different (P=>0.05). Among the parameters taken, it revealed significant results on the weight of the heart (P=<0.05), tail (P=<0.05), and return of feed cost (P=<0.01). The natural bioactive mixture at 30 ml L^-1 improved the weight of the heart and tail of broilers at 28 days rearing period. However, it did not give more advantages to the overall improvement on the growth of broilers. Economically, the control treatment gave the highest return of feed cost, followed by 10 ml L^-1 due to lesser inputs incurred during the production period. The findings of this study would provide additional evidence on the effects of the natural bioactive mixture on the growth of broilers. Hence, it is recommended to limit the inclusion of natural bioactive mixture as a supplement to broilers since there was a significant trend of increased heart and tail weights as the level of natural bioactive mixture increased