Journal of Life Science Agriculture and Technology

Comparative Nutritional Composition of Azolla pinnata at Different Harvest Stages for Low-Cost Animal Feed Development

Sareena Semae, Masitoh Bindoloh, Muhammad Tawfid Masaleah, Chamaiporn Singhapong — Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to evaluate the yield and nutritional composition of Azolla pinnata harvested at different growth stages (7, 14, and 21 days) to determine the optimal harvest age for use as a cost-effective livestock feed. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications was applied. Fresh weight, dry weight, and dry matter content were measured, and chemical composition—including crude protein, ether extract, ash, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF)—was analyzed using standard AOAC International (2016); Van Soest et al. (1991) methods. Results showed no significant differences in yield parametersacross treatments (p > 0.05); however, significant changes in nutritional quality were observed (p < 0.05). Crude protein decreased with increasing harvest age (19.78% at 7 days to 14.90% at 21 days), while ADF increased significantly (10.93 % to 54.85 %). Ash content declined, whereas organic matter increased over time. The highest lipid content was recorded at 14 days (1.66 %). This study confirms that Azolla pinnata harvested at 7–14 days provides a superior nutritional profile with higher protein and lower fiber content compared to 21-day-old plants, without compromising biomass yield. This suggests a more precise harvest window for optimizing both feed quality and production efficiency. These findings support the use of early-harvested azolla as a viable alternative protein-rich feed resource for livestock, particularly in smallholder farming systems seeking low-cost, sustainable solutions.

Production of Nata de Coco from Low-quality of Langsat (Lansium domesticum Corr.) and Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) in Narathiwat province

Tasneem Somwong, Areeta Madaok, Fais sami — Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to produce bacterial cellulose from low-quality langsat (Lansium domesticum Corr.) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.), in Narathiwat Province, using Acetobacter xylinum TISTR 893. This study investigated the optimal ratio between the two types of fruit juices and the relevant factors that promote bacterial growth and maximize bacterial cellulose production. The experimental results indicated that 30 % (v/v) langsat juice and 10 % (v/v) mangosteen juice were the most suitable concentrations, as determined by the weight of the bacterial cellulose. The yields were 25.53 ± 0.11 g/100 mL and 23.24 ± 0.42 g/100 mL, respectively. In addition, an examination of various factors in the culture medium, including total soluble solids, ammonium phosphate concentration, and optimal pH, showed that 9 °Brix in langsat juice and 12 °Brix in mangosteen juice provided the most favorable conditions for bacterial growth, resulting in maximum bacterial cellulose yields of 24.50 ± 0.03 and 22.90 ± 1.04 g/100 mL. 0.5% (w/v) ammonium phosphate concentration combined with an initial pH of 4.0 in the culture medium was found to be optimal for bacterial growth. Under these conditions, the bacterial cellulose weights were 23.29 ± 0.20 and 24.62 ± 0.20 g/100 mL, and 25.53 ± 0.22 and 27.31 ± 0.10 g/100 mL, respectively. Subsequently, the quality of bacterial cellulose produced under optimal culture conditions was analyzed. The results showed increased production, with yields of 30.64 ± 0.56 g/100 mL from langsat juice and 30.54 ± 0.36 g/100 mL from mangosteen juice. Physical examinations showed that bacterial cellulose from langsat juice exhibited a yellowish-brown color, whereas that from mangosteen juice was off-white. The gel strength of cellulose from both fruit juices was similar, indicating comparable textural quality.

Comparison of Bioactive Compounds Contents and Antioxidant Activity in Fresh-Dried Garcinia atroviridis and Commercially Available Dried Garcinia Fruits

Nur-eman Seena, nuramalee deenamo — Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this study was to compare the contents of bioactive compounds, including total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, as well as to evaluate the antioxidative activity in fresh-dried Garcinia atroviridis fruits and commercially available dried garcinia fruits. Extracts were prepared by macerating slices of both types of fruits in 95% (v/v) ethanol at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:4 (w/v) for 7 days at room temperature. The obtained extracts were filtered and concentrated by evaporating the solvents under reduce pressure using a rotary evaporator. Then, the contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were determined by measuring absorbance with UV-visible spectrophotometer. The antioxidative activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. The results were expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity (%SA) and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). The results showed that the extract of fresh-dried garcinia fruit contained significantly higher amounts of all three bioactive compounds and exhibited higher %SA values than the extract of commercially dried garcinia (p < 0.05). However, the IC₅₀ values of both extracts were found to be comparable, at 1.30 and 1.23 ug/ml, respectively. These findings indicate that. The appropriate manufacturing process of dried Garcinia atroviridis slices affects the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties to scavenge free radicals.

Chemical Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Local Brown Rice Flour Varieties from Narathiwat Province

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to investigate the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of brown rice flours derived from local rice varieties of Narathiwat Province
such as Hom Gra Dang Ngah and Seebu Gantung, compared with commercial Jasmine brown rice flour (Jasmine 105). Brown rice flour from all three varieties was prepared using a dry-milling method, and the chemical composition was analyzed, including starch, protein, fat, ash, fiber, and amylose, as well as the pasting characteristics using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). The results showed that the Seebu Gantung brown rice flour contained the highest starch content (84.22%), with a statistically significant difference. Protein contents among the three samples were not significantly difference. In contrast, the fat, ash and fiber contents of the local brown rice flours were significantly difference from those of the commercial Jasmine 105 brown rice flours. The amylose contents of Hom Gra Dang Ngah, Seebu Gantung, and commercial Jasmine 105 brown rice flours were 39.85%, 40.93%, and 24.27%, respectively. Considering the pasting properties, the pasting times did not differ significantly among the three brown rice flours. The commercial Jasmine 105 brown rice flour had the highest peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, and setback. In contrast, the Hom Gra Dang Ngah and Seebu Gantung brown rice flours had higher pasting temperatures than the commercial Jasmine 105 brown rice flour.

Study of Hatching Period and Rate of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with Different Egg Densities

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to investigate the effects of different egg densities on the hatching period and rate of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) eggs. The experiment was conducted at Narathiwat College of Agriculture and Technology during 1^st-5^th April, 2025. African catfish eggs were used in quantities of 5 (T1), 10 (T2) and 20 (T3) g with 3 replicates, mixed with 0.5 cc of male African catfish sperm then incubated in aquariums with mild aeration throughout experimental period. The results showed that the incubation period was not significantly different among treatments (23.30-23.50 hrs). From the hatching rate point of view, T3 treatment showed the highest hatch rate (88.54+0.39 %) which was significantly different from other treatments, T1 (71.99+0.62%) and T2 (83.11+1.56%). In conclusion, it was found that the highest egg weight of African catfish resulted in a significantly highest hatching rate.

Supplementation of Baeckea frutescens in Oil Palm Fronds Ensiled with Crude Glycerin on Fermentation Quality and Chemical Composition

์Nirandorn Nakdaeng, Wattana Temdee, Sirirat Buaphan, Kanok Chaovapasee — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objective of this study was to investigate the physical characteristics, chemical composition, and fermentation quality of oil palm fronds ensiled with crude glycerin and supplemented with Baeckea frutescens L. at various levels. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatments consisted of Baeckea frutescens supplementation at 0, 7, and 14% (fresh weight basis), with 10% crude glycerin added to all treatment groups. The samples were ensiled in plastic bags under anaerobic conditions for 21 days. The results showed that all silages exhibited good physical characteristics, appearing dark brown with a pleasant fermented odor. The pH values significantly increased with increasing levels of Baeckea frutescens (4.41, 4.86, and 5.15, respectively; p<0.01). However, the fermentation quality remained satisfactory, characterized by high lactic acid concentrations (6.04–6.14%) and low butyric acid content (0.03–0.06%) across all treatments. Regarding nutritive value, Baeckea frutescens supplementation significantly improved chemical composition. The 14% supplementation level resulted in the lowest Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) content (38.42%) compared to the control group (41.78%) (p<0.01) and significantly reduced Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) content compared to the control (59.58% vs. 61.74%, p<0.05). Furthermore, the 14% supplementation level yielded the highest Nitrogen-Free Extract (NFE) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) (54.10% and 59.03%, respectively, p<0.05). In conclusion, supplementing Baeckea frutescens at 14% with crude glycerin can improve nutritive value by reducing fiber content and enhancing energy value without adversely affecting fermentation quality.

Effect of Ethephon Concentrations on the Ripening of Kluai Khai Banana (Musa AA group)

Somprattana Nakdaeng, Orapan Poontong — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigated the effects of ethephon concentration on the ripening of Kluai Khai bananas using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five concentrations (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 ppm), three replications, and five fruits per replication. Bananas were ripened at room temperature for three days. The results showed that ethephon concentration affected ripening rate, peel color, total soluble solids, and weight loss. Bananas treated with 1,000 ppm ethephon ripened the fastest, reaching 100% ripeness within three days, and had the highest sweetness (27.88 °Brix), while the control ripened more slowly and had lower sweetness (26.80 °Brix). Weight loss was highest in the control (9.54%) and slightly lower in the 1,000 ppm treatment (9.02%), with no significant differences. Overall, high ethephon concentration effectively accelerated ripening and improved the quality of Kluai Khai bananas for commercial ripening.