Effect of water stress and varieties on the bioherbicidal effectivity of sorghum aqueous extracts
Main Article Content
Abstract
The 5% water extract from Super 1 sorghum variety irrigated every 5 days, Suri 4 irrigated every 4 and 5 days, and Mandau irrigated every five days was more toxic compared to other treatments, as indicated by the lowest percentage of seed germination, seedlings fresh weight, fresh weight of plumule and radicle, and plumule and radicle length, as well as the higher percentage of dead seedlings and fresh weight of dead seedlings. These findings suggested that the Super 1, Suri 4, and Mandau sorghum varieties, with irrigation frequencies of 4 or 5 days, can produce allelopathic compounds that can be used as bioherbicides to control broadleaf weeds.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Ali, A. E. E., Husselmann, L. H., Tabb, D. L. and Ludidi, N. (2023). Comparative proteomics analysis between maize and sorghum uncovers important proteins and metabolic pathways mediating drought tolerance. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 13:170.
Alsaadawi, I. S., Al-Khateeb, T. A., Hadwan, H. A. and Lahmood, N. R. (2015) A chemical basis for differential allelopathic potential of root exudates of Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench) cultivars on companion weeds. Journal of Allelochemical Interactions, 11:49-55.
Amb, M. K. and Ahluwalia, A. S. (2016). Allelopathy: Potential Role to Achieve New Milestones in Rice Cultivation Rice Science, 23:165-83.
Araniti, F., Miras-Moreno, B., Lucini, L., Landi, M. and Abenavoli, M. R. (2020). Metabolomic, proteomic and physiological insights into the potential mode of action of thymol, a phytotoxic natural monoterpenoid phenol. Plant Physiol Biochem, 153:141-153.
Arif, M., Cheema, Z. A., Khaliq, A. and Hassan, A. (2015). Organic weed management in wheat through allelopathy. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 17:27-34.
Asadi, M. and Eshghizadeh, H. R. (2021). Response of sorghum genotypes to water deficit stress under different CO2 and nitrogen levels. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 158:255-264.
Ashraf, M. and Akhlaq, M. (2007). Effects of sorghum leaves, roots and stems water extract, hand weeding and herbicide on weeds suppression and yield ofwheat Sarhad J Agric, 23:321-327.
Bing, Y., Yu-fei, Z., Ming-yue, G., Zhuang, Z., Yi, H., Guang-dong, Y., Wenjuan, X. and Rui-dong, H. (2014). Effect of drought stress during flowering stage on starch accumulation and starch synthesis enzymes in sorghum grains. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13:2399-2406.
Chikowo, R., Corbeels, M., Tittonell, P., Vanlauwe, B., Whitbread, A. and Giller, K. E. (2008). Aggregating field-scale knowledge into farm-scale models of African smallholdersystems: Summary functions to simulate crop production using APSIM. Agricultural Systems, 97:151-166.
Farooq, A., Farooq, N., Akbar, H., Hassan, Z. U. and Gheewala, S. H. (2023). A critical review of climate change impact at a global scale on cereal crop production. Agronomy, 13:162.
Farooq, M., Khan, I., Nawaz, A., Cheema, M. A. and Siddique, K. H. M. (2020) Using sorghum to suppress weeds in autumn planted maize. Crop Protection 133 (May 2019), 105162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105162
Glab, L., Sowinski, J., Bough, R. and Dayan, F. E. (2017). Allelopathic potential of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in weed control: a comprehensive review. Advances in Agronomy, 145:43-94.
Ibrahim, M. U., Khaliq, A., Hussain, S. and Murtaza, G. (2022). Sorghum water extract application mediates antioxidant defense and confers drought stress tolerance in wheat. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41:863-874.
Inderjit. and Keating, K. I. (1999). Allelopathy:principles procedures, processes and promises for biological control. Advances in Agronomy, 67:141-231.
Iqbal, N., Khaliq, A. and Cheema, Z. A. (2020). Weed control through allelopathic crop water extracts and S-metolachlor in cotton. Information Processing in Agriculture, 7:165-72.
Kandhro, M., Memon, H-R., Laghari, M., Baloch, A. and Ansari, M. (2016). Allelopathic impact of sorghum and sunflower on germinability and seedling growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 12:98-102.
Kundra, V., Aulakh, C. S. and Bhullar, M. S. (2023). Integration of allelopathic water extracts with cultural practices for weed management in organic wheat. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 55:24-31.
Little, N. G., DiTommaso, A., Westbrook, A. S., Ketterings, Q. M. and Mohler, C. L. (2021). Effects of fertility amendments on weed growth and weed–crop competition: A review. Weed Science, 69:132-146.
Maqbool, N., Wahid, A., Farooq, M., Cheema, Z. A. and Siddique, K. H. M. (2013). Allelopathy and abiotic stress interaction in crop plants. Springer. Heidelberg, 451-468.
Musara, J. P., Tibugari, H., Moyo, B. and Mutizira, C. (2021). Crop-livestock integration practices, knowledge, and attitudes among smallholder farmers: Hedging against climate change-induced shocks in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Open Life Sciences, 16:1330-1340.
Nornasuha, Y. and Ismail, B. S. (2017). Sustainable weed management using allelopathic approach. Malaysian Applied Biology, 46:1-10.
Scavo, A., Pandino, G., Restuccia, A. and Mauromicale, G. (2020). Leaf extracts of cultivated cardoon as potential bioherbicide Scientia Horticulturae, 261 (109024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109024.
Susilo, E., Setyowati, N., Nurjanah, U. and Muktamar, Z. (2021a). Sorghum germination inhibition using its water extract cultivated in swampland with different irrigation patterns. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 694, No. 1, p. 012027). IOP Publishing.
Susilo, E., Setyowati, N., Nurjannah, U., Riwandi. and Muktamar, Z. (2020). Effect of swamp iirigation pattern and sorghum extract concentration on sorghum seed sprout. Proceeding of the 3rd KOBI Congress, International and National Conferences (KOBICINC), 14:19-25.
Susilo, E., Setyowati, N., Nurjannah, U., Riwandi. and Muktamar, Z. (2021b). Inhibition of germination due to application of extracts from main plants and ratoon sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) produced in swamplands. In: Herlinda S et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th National Seminar on Suboptimal Lands 2021, Palembang October 20, 2021. pp.426-434. Palembang: Publisher & Printing of Sriwijaya University (UNSRI).
Tibugari, H., Chiduza, C. and Mashingaidze, A. B. (2020). A survey of problem weeds of sorghum and their manage ment in two sorghum-producing districts of Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences, 6:1738840.
Tubeileh, A. M. and Souikane, R. T. (2020). Effect of olive vegetation water and compost extracts on seed germination of four weed species. Current Plant Biology 22 (March), 100150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100150
Weston, L. A. and Czarnota, M. A. (2021). Activity and persistance of sorgoleone, a long-chain hydroquinone produced by sorghum bicolor. Journal of Crop Production, 4:363-377.