The ethanol extraction of Gardenia stenophylla Merr fruit mitigates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in mice through modulation of oxidative stress and immunosuppression
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The liver is crucial for immune factor production, and xenobiotic metabolism. CCl4 is a hepatotoxin that oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction. Traditional medicine has reported hepatoprotective effects of various Gardenia species. This study evaluated the efficacy of ethanol extract from Gardenia stenophylla fruit (EEGS) in mitigating CCl4-induced liver damage in mice by modulating oxidative stress and immunosuppression. Results indicated that CCl4 significantly increased MDA and NO levels (p < 0.05), indicating oxidative stress and tissue damage. EEGS treatment significantly reduced MDA and NO levels (p < 0.05). CCl4 exposure decreased GSH and TAC levels (p < 0.05), whereas EEGS treatment significantly restored these levels (p < 0.05). Similarly, CCl4 inhibited SOD, CAT, and GPx activities (p < 0.05), which were significantly increased by EEGS (p < 0.05). Immune assessments showed that CCl4 increased WBC count (p < 0.05) and decreased PA, NBT, and TI levels (p < 0.05). EEGS significantly improved these immune parameters (p < 0.05), with efficacy comparable to silymarin at higher doses (p > 0.05). EEGS effectively mitigates CCl4-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression in mice, demonstrating its potential as a hepatoprotective agent.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Algefare, A. I., Alfwuaires, M., Famurewa, A. C., Elsawy, H. and Sedky, A. (2024). Geraniol prevents CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity via suppression of hepatic oxidative stress, pro-inflammation, and apoptosis in rats. Toxicology Reports, 12:128-134.
Allameh, A., Niayesh-Mehr, R., Aliarab, A., Sebastiani, G. and Pantopoulos, K. (2023). Oxidative stress in liver pathophysiology and disease. Antioxidants, 12:1653.
Bizon, A., Chojdak-Łukasiewicz, J., Budrewicz, S., Pokryszko-Dragan, A. and Piwowar, A. (2023). Exploring the relationship between antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, and clinical profile in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. Antioxidants, 12:1638.
Bomble, P. and Nath, B. B. (2022). Differential manifestation of RONS and antioxidant enzymes in response to singular versus combinatorial stress in Chironomus ramosus. Stress Biology, 2:56.
Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, S., Xu, J., Wang, B., Sun, X. and Zhang, Y. (2023). Red-fleshed apple flavonoid extract alleviates CCl4-induced liver injury in mice. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9:1098954.
Datta, S., Aggarwal, D., Sehrawat, N., Yadav, M., Sharma, V., Sharma, A., Zghair, A. N., Dhama, K., Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Sharma, A. K. and Wang, H. (2023). Hepatoprotective effects of natural drugs: Current trends, scope, relevance, and future perspectives. Phytomedicine, 121:155100.
El-Kot, S. M., Wanas, W., Hafez, A. F., Mahmoud, N. A., Tolba, A. M., Younis, A. H., Sayed, G. E. and Abdelwahab, H. E. (2023). Effect of silymarin on the relative gene expressions of some inflammatory cytokines in the liver of CCl4-intoxicated male rats. Scientific Reports, 13:15245.
Iqbal, N., Zubair, H. M., Almutairi, M. H., Abbas, M., Akhtar, M. F., Aleya, L., Kamel, M., Saleem, A., Jabeen, Q., Noreen, S., Baig, M. M. F. A. and Abdel-Daim, M. M. (2022). Hepatoprotective effect of Cordia rothii extract against CCl4-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2–NFκB pathways. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 156:113840.
Johra, F. T., Hossain, S., Jain, P., Bristy, A. T., Emran, T., Ahmed, R., Sharker, S. M., Bepari, A. K. and Reza, H. M. (2023). Amelioration of CCl4-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity by Ganoderma lucidum in Long Evans rats. Scientifc Reports, 13:9909.
Kim, H. I., Hong, S. H., Lee, S. Y., Ku, J. M., Kim, M. J. and Ko, S. G. (2021). Gardenia jasminoides ameliorates antibiotic-associated aggravation of DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis by restoring the intestinal microbiome profile. Nutrients, 13:1349.
Li, J., Song, D., Zhang, B., Guo, J., Li, W., Zhang, X. and Zhao, Q. (2021). Hepatoprotective effects of Heracleum candicans against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats. Dose Response, 19.
Li-hua, Z., Xiao-bao, L., Xin-ming, S., Zhong-bei, L., Li-wei, D. and Yan-bo, S. (2018). Study on chemical constituents from stems of Gardenia stenophylla Merr. Natural Product Research and Development, 10:1382-1384.
Lv, S., Ding, Y., Zhao, H., Liu, S., Zhang, J. and Wang, J. (2018). Therapeutic potential and effective components of the chinese herb gardeniae fructus in the treatment of senile disease. Aging and Disease, 9:6-18.
Ma, W. W., Tao, Y., Wang, Y. Y. and Peng, I. F. (2017). Effects of Gardenia jasminoides extracts on cognition and innate immune response in an adult Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 15:899-904.
Naiff, P. F., Kuckelhaus, S. A. S., Couto, S., Oliveira, M., Santiago, L. M., Cascaes, A. C. G., Silva, L. F., Oliveira, L. A., Grisi, D. C., Carneiro, V. M. and Guimarães, M. D. C. M. (2021). Phagocytic activity of monocytes and neutrophils in patients with periodontitis, whether or not associated to type 2 diabetes. Acta Odontologica Latinoamericana, 34:201-213.
Nhung, T. T. P. and Quoc, L. P. T. (2023a). Investigation of the inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic potential of ethanol extract from Hedyotis capitellata Wall. ex G. Don leaves in mice. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7:5501-5508.
Nhung, T. T. P. and Quoc, L. P. T. (2023b). Analgesic and antipyretic activities of ethanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits in mice. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7:4902-4907.
Nhung, T. T. P. and Quoc, L. P. T. (2024a). Counteracting paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity with black shallot extract: an animal model investigation. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8:5875-5880.
Nhung, T. T. P. and Quoc, L. P. T. (2024b). Potential anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of Caryota urens Lour fruits on freund's complete adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8:6924-6931.
Nhung, T. T. P. and Quoc, L. P. T. (2024c). Ethanol extract of Caryota urens Lour fruits alleviates oxidative stress in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8:6948-6956.
Park, S. H., Jang, S. and Kim, H. K. (2022). Gardenia jasminoides extract ameliorates DfE-induced atopic dermatitis in mice through restoration of barrier function and T-helper 2-mediated immune response. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 145:112344.
Sakou, D. N. and Tietcheu, B. R. G. (2024). Protective effects of leaf aqueous extracts from Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. on alcoholic liver disease in Wistar rats. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 15:100851.
Sharifi-Rad, M., Kumar, N. V. A., Zucca, P., Varoni, E. M., Dini, L., Panzarini, E., Rajkovic, J., Fokou, P. V. T., Azzini, E., Peluso, I., Mishra, A. P., Nigam, M., Rayess, Y. E., Beyrouthy, M. E., Polito, L., Iriti, M., Martins, N., Martorell, M., Docea, A. O., Setzer, W. N., Calina, D., Cho, W. C. and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2020). Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Frontiers in Physiology, 11:694.
Sumaiya, S., Siddiqui, A., Chaudhary, S. S., Aslam, M., Ahmad, S. and Ansari, M. A. (2024). Isolation and characterization of bioactive components from hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. to evaluate its hepatoprotective activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacolog, 319:117185.
Tkachenko, H., Kurhaluk, N., Grudniewska, J. and Andriichuk, A. (2014). Tissue-specific responses of oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant defenses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during vaccination against furunculosis. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40:1289-1300.
Wang, L., Chen, S., Liu, S., Biu, A. M., Han, Y., Jin, X., Liang, C., Liu, Y., Li, J., Fang, S. and Chang, Y. (2024). A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of gardeniae fructus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 320:117397.
Yonar, M. E., Yonar, S. M. and Silici, S. (2011). Protective effect of propolis against oxidative stress and immunosuppression induced by oxytetracycline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 31:318-325.
Zeleke, T. K., Bazezew, Z. A. and Abebe, R. B. (2023). The burden of inappropriate prescriptions and predictors for hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis in Ethiopia. Hepatic Medicine: Evidence and Research, 15:129-140.
Zielińska, A. K., Sałaga, M., Siwiński, P., Włodarczyk, M., Dziki, A. and Fichna, J. (2021). Oxidative stress does not influence subjective pain sensation in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Antioxidants, 10:1237.
Zou, S., Sun, C., Li, F., Xie, Y., Liang, T., Yang, Y., Shi, B., Ma, Q., Shi, Z., Chai, S. and Shan A. (2022). Effect of gardenia pomace supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, immune and antioxidant indices, and meat quality in xiangcun pigs. Animals, 12:2280.