Growth, survival, bioconversion performance, nutritional evaluation and palatability of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal valorized from vegetable-waste and restaurant-waste for Japanese weatherloach, (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
An evaluation of black soldier fly larvae parameters and its utilization as meal in the palatability test for juvenile loach were determined the species’ acceptability to the new feed ingredient valorized from two types of waste substrates [vegetable waste (VW) and restaurant waste (RW)]. A higher survival rate was observed in RW (59.20 ± 4.92 %) than that in VW (17.05 ± 4.54 %). In terms of larval development, the RW had significantly a higher larval live weight (89.70 ± 28.00 mg), longer body length (19.79 ± 2.02 mm), and higher body thickness (4.88±0.65 mm) than those in VW. Conversely, the RW showed significantly higher protein conversion ratio (7.68 ± 0.06 %) compared to the VW (1.97 ± 0.93 %). In terms of moisture content, VW (87.59 ± 0.87 %) was significantly higher than RW (72.76 ± 2.02 %). In contrast, RW showed a significantly higher crude fat content (10.01 ± 0.30 %) compared to that of VW (4.83 ± 0.26 %). Moreover, palatability test revealed no significant difference between the test diets. Thus, the study suggested a prolonged feeding trial to determine the long-term adaptability of the said species to the new feed ingredient.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abd El-Hack, M. E., Shafi, M. E., Alghamdi, W. Y., Abdelnour, S. A., Shehata, A. M., Noreldin, A. E., Ashour, E. A., Swelum, A. A., Al-Sagan, A. A., Alkhateeb, M., Taha, A. E., Abdel-Moneim, A.-M. E., Tufarelli, V. and Ragni, M. (2020). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal as a promising feed ingredient for poultry: A comprehensive review. Agriculture, 10:339.
Abdel-Tawwab, M., Khalil, R. H., Metwally, A. A., Shakweer, M. S., Khallaf, M. A. and Abdel-Latif, H. M. R. (2020). Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal on growth performance, organs-somatic indices, body composition, and hemato-biochemical variables of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquaculture, 522: 735136.
Addeo, N. F., Vozzo, S., Secci, G., Mastellone, V., Piccolo, G., Lombardi, P., Parisi, G., Asiry, K. A., Attia, Y. A. and Bovera, F. (2021). Different combinations of butchery and vegetable wastes on growth performance, chemical-nutritional characteristics and oxidative status of black soldier fly growing larvae. Animals, 11:3515.
Adelanwa, E. B. and Medugu J. M. (2015). Variation in the nutrient composition of red and green cabbage (Brassica oleracea) with respect to age at harvest. Journal of Applied Agricultural Research, 7:183-189.
Agbohessou, P. S., Mandiki, S. N. M., Gougbédji, A., Megido, R. C., Hossain, Md. S., De Jaeger, P., Larondelle, Y., Francis, F., Lalèyè, P. A. and Kestemont, P. (2021). Total replacement of fish meal by enriched‐fatty acid Hermetia illucens meal did not substantially affect growth parameters or innate immune status and improved whole body biochemical quality of Nile tilapia juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 27:880-896.
Alfiko, Y., Xie, D., Astuti, R. T., Wong, J. and Wang, L. (2022). Insects as a feed ingredient for fish culture: Status and trends. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 7:166-178.
Alqaisi, O., Ndambi, O. A. and Williams, R. B. (2017). Time series livestock diet optimization: Cost-effective broiler feed substitution using the commodity price spread approach. Agricultural and Food Economics, 5:25.
Al-Souti, A., Gallardo, W., Claereboudt, M. and Mahgoub, O. (2019). Attractability and palatability of formulated diets incorporated with chicken feather and algal meals for juvenile gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Aquaculture Reports, 14:100199.
Barragan-Fonseca, K. B., Dicke, M. and Van Loon, J. J. A. (2018). Influence of larval density and dietary nutrient concentration on performance, body protein, and fat contents of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 166:761-770.
Barrows, F. T. (2017). Palatability. Retried from https://f3fin.org/protocols/Palatability.pdf
Bolton, C. M., Muller, N., Hyland, J., Johnson, M. P., Souza Valente, C., Davies, S. J. and Wan, A. H. L. (2021). Black soldier fly larval meal with exogenous protease in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) production meeting consumer quality. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 6:100232.
Boyd, C. E. (2015). Overview of aquaculture feeds. In: Davis DA ed. Feed and feeding practices in aquaculture, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, pp.3-25.
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (2021). Project proposal: Construction of the regional/rice terraces dojo (yu-yu, weather loach) hatchery & training center, Mayoyao Ifugao.
Cammack, J. and Tomberlin, J. (2017). The impact of diet protein and carbohydrate on select life-history traits of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Insects, 8:56.
Chun, J., Kim, N., Seo, M., Jin, M., Park, S. U., Valan Arasu, M., Kim, S. and Al-Dhabi, N. (2016). Molecular characterization of glucosinolates and carotenoid biosynthetic genes in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. Pekinensis). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25:71-82.
Danieli, P. P., Lussiana, C., Gasco, L., Amici, A. and Ronchi, B. (2019). The effects of diet formulation on the yield, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) prepupae intended for animal feed. Animals, 9:178.
Deng, B., Zhu, J., Wang, G., Xu, C., Zhang, X., Wang, P. and Yuan, Q. (2022). Effects of three major nutrient contents, compost thickness and treatment time on larval weight, process performance and residue component in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) composting. Journal of Environmental Management, 307:114610.
Dortmans B. M. A., Diener S., Verstappen B. M. and Zurbrügg C. (2017). Black soldier fly biowaste processing - a step-by-step guide. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland, pp.7-8.
Fischer, H., Romano, N., Renukdas, N., Kumar, V. and Sinha, A. K. (2022). Comparing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae versus prepupae in the diets of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides: Effects on their growth, biochemical composition, histopathology, and gene expression. Aquaculture, 546:737323.
Foo, Y. L. (2021). A primer on the black soldier fly market in Asia. Mana Impact.
Gao, Z., Wang, W., Lu, X., Zhu, F., Liu, W., Wang, X. and Lei, C. (2019). Bioconversion performance and life table of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) on fermented maize straw. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230:974-980.
Gasco, L., Biancarosa, I. and Liland, N. S. (2020). From waste to feed: A review of recent knowledge on insects as producers of protein and fat for animal feeds. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 23:67-79.
Gold, M., Cassar, C. M., Zurbrügg, C., Kreuzer, M., Boulos, S., Diener, S. and Mathys, A. (2020). Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates. Waste Management, 102:319-329.
Harnden, L. M. and Tomberlin, J. K. (2016). Effects of temperature and diet on black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), development. Forensic Science International, 266:109-116.
Hender, A., Siddik, M., Howieson, J. and Fotedar, R. (2021). Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens as an alternative to fishmeal protein and fish oil: Impact on growth, immune response, mucosal barrier status, and flesh quality of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790). Biology, 10:505.
Ido, A., Ali, M.-F.-Z., Takahashi, T., Miura, C. and Miura, T. (2021). Growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) fed on a diet including partially or completely defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. Insects, 12:722.
Isibika, A., Vinnerås, B., Kibazohi, O., Zurbrügg, C. and Lalander, C. (2021). Co-composting of banana peel and orange peel waste with fish waste to improve conversion by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae. Journal of Cleaner Production, 318:128570.
Kamarudin, M. S., Rosle, S. and Md Yasin, I. S. (2021). Performance of defatted black soldier fly pre-pupae meal as fishmeal replacement in the diet of lemon fin barb hybrid fingerlings. Aquaculture Reports, 21:100775.
Lalander, C., Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C. and Vinnerås, B. (2019). Effects of feedstock on larval development and process efficiency in waste treatment with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Journal of Cleaner Production, 208:211-219.
Lalander, C., Ermolaev, E., Wiklicky, V. and Vinnerås, B. (2020). Process efficiency and ventilation requirement in black soldier fly larvae composting of substrates with high water content. Science of the Total Environment, 729:138968.
Lanes, C. F. C., Pedron, F. A., Bergamin, G. T., Bitencourt, A. L., Dorneles, B. E. R., Villanova, J. C. V., Dias, K. C., Riolo, K., Oliva, S., Savastano, D. and Giannetto, A. (2021). Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and prepupae defatted meals in diets for zebrafish (Danio rerio). Animals, 11:720.
Liu, X., Chen, X., Wang, H., Yang, Q., Li, W., Cai, M., Li, Q., Mazza, L., Zhang, J., Yu, Z. and Zheng, L. (2017). Dynamic changes of nutrient composition throughout the entire life cycle of black soldier fly. PLOS ONE, 12:0182601.
Milton, J., Paray, B. A. and Rather, I. A. (2018). A review on the biology and physiology of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in China. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences, 47:759-765.
Netam, U., Thakur, P., Nair Singh, B. and Kar, S. (2022). Morphological characterization of taro [Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.) Schott.]. Genotypes, 11:2070-2076.
Nyquist, C. E. and Stroshine R. L. (2014). Relationship between wet basis and dry basis moisture content.
Peng, K., Mo, W., Xiao, H., Wang, G. and Huang, Y. (2021). Effects of black soldier fly pulp on growth performance, histomorphology and lipid metabolism gene expression of Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture Reports, 20:100737.
Pérez-Pacheco, R., Hinojosa-Garro, D., Ruíz-Ortíz, F., Camacho-Chab, J., Ortega-Morales, B., Alonso-Hernández, N., Fonseca-Muñoz, A., Landero-Valenzuela, N., Loeza-Concha, H., Diego-Nava, F., Arroyo-Balán, F. and Granados-Echegoyen, C. (2022). Growth of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on organic-waste residues and its application as supplementary diet for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Insects, 13:326.
Rashmi, D. R., Anitha, B., Sahair, R. A., Raghu, N., Gopenath, T. S., Chandrashekrappa, G. K. and Basalingappa, K. M. (2018). An overview of taro (Colocasia esculenta): A review. Academia Journal of Agricultural Research, 6:346-353.
Rehman, K. U., Rehman, A., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Xiao, X., Somroo, A. A., Wang, H., Li, W., Yu, Z. and Zhang, J. (2017). Conversion of mixtures of dairy manure and soybean curd residue by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). Journal of Cleaner Production, 154:366-373.
Rehman, K. U., Ur Rehman, R., Somroo, A. A., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Xiao, X., Ur Rehman, A., Rehman, A., Tomberlin, J. K., Yu, Z. and Zhang, J. (2019). Enhanced bioconversion of dairy and chicken manure by the interaction of exogenous bacteria and black soldier fly larvae. Journal of Environmental Management, 237:75-83.
Salam, M., Shahzadi, A., Alam, F., Nabi, G., Shi, D., Ullah, W., Ammara, S., Ali, N. and Bilal, M. (2022). Effect of different environmental conditions on the growth and development of black soldier fly larvae and its utilization in solid waste management and pollution mitigation. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 28:102649.
Sarmiento, B. S. (2021). A startup deploys black soldier flies in the Philippines’ war on waste. Mongabay.
Singh, A., Srikanth, B. H. and Kumari, K. (2021). Determining the black soldier fly larvae performance for plant-based food waste reduction and the effect on biomass yield. Waste Management, 130:147-154.
Song, K. H., Woo, J. S., Kim, J. R., Ryu, G. L., Baek, Y. C., Oh, Y. K., Kwak, W. S. and Park, K. K. (2020). Nutritional value and in situ degradability of fruit-vegetable byproducts and their feeding effects on performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 33:973-980.
Tacon, A. G. J., Metian, M. and McNevin, A. A. (2022). Future feeds: Suggested guidelines for sustainable development. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 30:135-142.
Wang, G., Peng, K., Hu, J., Yi, C., Chen, X., Wu, H. and Huang, Y. (2019). Evaluation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as an alternative protein ingredient for juvenile Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) diets. Aquaculture, 507:144-154.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Wang, W. and Cao, L. (2009). Effects on growth and survival of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) larvae when co-fed on live and microparticle diets. Aquaculture Research, 40:385-394.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Wang, W., Cao, L., Yang, Y., Lü, B. and Yao, R. (2008). Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions. Aquaculture International, 16:539-549.
Were, G. J., Irungu, F. G., Ngoda, P. N., Affognon, H., Ekesi, S., Nakimbugwe, D., Fiaboe, K. K. M. and Mutungi, C. M. (2022). Nutritional and microbial quality of extruded fish feeds containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as a replacement for fish meal for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African sharptooth catfish (Clarius gariepinus). Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 34:1036-1052.
Weththasinghe, P., Hansen, J. Ø., Mydland, L. T. and Øverland, M. (2022). A systematic meta‐analysis based review on black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a novel protein source for salmonids. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14:938-956.
Xu, F. M., Hou, S. W., Wang, G. X., Gong, J. Y., Zhou, L., Huang, Y. H., Huang, X. D. and Liu, L. (2021). Effects of zymolytic black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pulp as dietary supplementation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture Reports, 21: 100823.
Yildirim‐Aksoy, M., Eljack, R. and Beck, B. H. (2020). Nutritional value of frass from black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, in a channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, diet. Aquaculture Nutrition, 26:812-819.
Zarantoniello, M., Randazzo, B., Gioacchini, G., Truzzi, C., Giorgini, E., Riolo, P., Gioia, G., Bertolucci, C., Osimani, A., Cardinaletti, G., Lucon-Xiccato, T., Milanović, V., Annibaldi, A., Tulli, F., Notarstefano, V., Ruschioni, S., Clementi, F. and Olivotto, I. (2020). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) physiological and behavioural responses to insect-based diets: A multidisciplinary approach. Scientific Reports, 10:10648.
Zhang, J., Shi, Z., Gao, Z., Wen, Y., Wang, W., Liu, W., Wang, X., and Zhu, F. (2021). Identification of three metallothioneins in the black soldier fly and their functions in Cd accumulation and detoxification. Environmental Pollution, 286:117146.