Appropriate stocking density for growth of watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza) and its efficiency of total ammonia nitrogen removal

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: Jan 15, 2021
Keywords:
Khai-nam Watermeal Starting stocking density Ammonia absorption

Main Article Content

Sirirustananun, N.
Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Industrial Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Phetchabun, Thailand
Jongput, B.
Department of Animal Production Technology and Fishery, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract

Watermeal was cultivated at six different stocking densities as 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g fresh weight (fw)•l-1 for two weeks. Results indicated that all watermeal treatments showed optimal growth during the first week. Watermeal cultivated at 2.5 g fw•l-1 revealed the highest growth performance but specific growth rate (SGR) was not significantly differed when compared to the other stocking densities. During the second week, all treatments were recorded as no growth with negative averaged fw gain and SGR. The cultivation of watermeal at 1.5 g fw•l-1 showed significantly higher of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal rate (6.34±0.24 %•day-1•g-1) than watermeal was cultivated at 2.5 g fw•l-1 and the control treatment. The starting stocking density of watermeal at 1.5 g fw•l-1 was determined the most suitable for growth and water quality treatment

Article Details

How to Cite
Sirirustananun, N., & Jongput, B. (2021). Appropriate stocking density for growth of watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza) and its efficiency of total ammonia nitrogen removal. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 17(1), 325–336. retrieved from https://li04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJAT/article/view/5939
Issue
Vol. 17 No. 1 (2021): January
Section
Original Study
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

American Public Health Association (APHA) (1998). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., USA, pp.1220.

Appenroth, K. J., Sree, K. S., Bog, M., Ecker, J., Seeliger, C., Böhm, V., Lorkowski, S., Sommer, K., Vetter, W., Banasch, K. T., Kirmse, R., Leiterer, M., Dawczynski, C., Liebisch, G. and Jahreis, G. (2018). Nutritional value of the duckweed species of the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae) as human food. Frontiers in Chemistry 483(6). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00483.

Ariyaratne, M. H. S. (2010). Poteintial of duckweed (Wolffia arrhiza) - an invasive aquatic plant as fish feed in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry rearing. Pakistan Journal Weed Science Research, 16:321-333.

Baidya, S. and Patel, A. B. (2018). Effect of co-cultivation of Wolffia arrhiza (L.) on water quality parameters in a feed based semi-intensive carp culture system. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6:102-109.

Bhanthumnavin, K. and McGarry, M. G. (1971). Wolffia arrhiza as a possible source of in inexpensive protein. Nature 232. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/232495a0.

Chantiratikul, A., Chantiratikul, P., Sangdee, A., Maneechote, U., Bunchasak, C. and Chinrasri, O. (2010). Performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails fed diets containing Wolffia meal [Wolffia globosa (L.) Wimm.] as a protein replacement for soybean meal. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9:562-566.

Chareontesprasit, N. and Jiwyam, W. (2001). An evaluation of Wolffia meal (Wolffia arrhiza) in replacing soybean meal in some formulated rations of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 4:618-620.

Czerpak, R., Piotrowska, A. and Krotke, A. (2004). Biochemical activity of auxins in dependence of their structures in Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimm. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 73:269-275.

Czerpak, R. and Piotrowska, A. (2005). Wolffia arrhiza – the smallest plant with the highest adaptation ability and applications. Kosmos, 54:241-250.

Damna, N., Saikaew, S. and Tiraumphon, A. (2017). Effect of fertilizer type and light filter level to yield and quality of Wolffia [Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimm.]. Songklanakarin Journal of Plant Science, 4:60-64.

Fe, X. and He, X. (2015). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from contaminated water by five aquatic plants. Proceedings of International Conference on Mechatronics, Electronic: Industrial and Control Engineering (MEIC), Shenyang, China, 1274-1277.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (1997). Duckweed: A Tiny Aquatic Plant with Enormous Potential for Agriculture and Environment, World Watch Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, pp.54.

Fujita, M., Mori, K. and Kodera, T. (1999). Nutrient removal and starch production through cultivation of Wolffia arrhiza. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 87:194-198.

Hasan, M. R. and Chakarbarti, R. (2009). Use of Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes as Feed in Small-Scale Aquaculture: A Review, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp.123.

Heenatigala, P. P. M., Yang, J., Bishopp, A., Sun, Z., Li, G., Kumar, S., Hu, S., Wu, Z., Lin, W., Yao, L., Duan, P. and Hou, H. (2018). Development of efficient protocols for stable and transient gene transformation for Wolffia globosa using Agrobacterium. Frontiers in Chemistry 227(6). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00227.

Ivan, K. and Katya, V. (2013). Wolffia globosa (Roxburgh) Hartog et plas (Lemnacae): a new species in Bulgarian flora. Journal of Biological and Science Opinion, 1:356-357.

Khvatkov, P., Chernobrovkina, M., Okuneva, A., Pushin, A. and Dolgov, S. (2015). Transformation of Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm. Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 123:299-307.

Kongban, C. (2014). The Safety Cultivation and Food Proceeding of Watermeal. Training Documents, Network of Clinic Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand, pp.11.

Koschnick, T., Richardson, R. and Willis, B. (2014). Duckweed and watermeal-the world’s smallest flowering plants. In: Gettys, L.A., Haller, W.T. and Petty, D.G. eds, 3rd ed. Biology and control of aquatic plants: a best management practices handbook, Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation (AERF), Marietta, Georgia, United States, pp.165-170.

Macchiavello, J. and Bulboa, C. (2014). Nutrient uptake efficiency of Gracilaria chilensis and Ulva lactuca in an IMTA system with the red abalone Haliotis rufescens. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 42:523-533.

Pandey, A. and Verma, R. K. (2018). Nutritional composition, taxonomical and phytoremediation status of duckweed (Wolffia): review. Annals of plant Science, 7.1:1928-1931.

Pereira, R., Yarish, C. and Sousa-Pinto, I. (2006). The influence of stocking density, light and temperature on the growth, production and nutrient removal capacity of Porphyra dioica (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Aquaculture, 252:66-78.

Pradhan, A., Patel, A. B. and Singh, S. K. (2019). Evaluation of live duckweek Wolffia globosa as an allochthonous feed for Labeo rohita fry during nursery rearing. Aquaculture Research, 50:1557-1563.

Rowchai, S. and Somboon, S. (2007). Study on factors effecting growth of Wolffia (Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimm.). Fisheries Journal, 60:405-413.

Ruekaewma, N., Piyatiratitivorakul, S. and Powtongsook, S. (2015). Culture system for Wolffia globosa L. (Lemnaceae) for hygiene human food. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 37:575-580.

Sricharoen, S., Charoentestprasit, N., Jiwyam, W., Kaewborisut, S., Jampasri, T. and Kongsai, S. (2001). Culture of Wolffia (Wolffia arrhiza) for Reduction of Fish Feed Cost. Research report, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, pp.20.

Sricharoen, S., Charoentestprasit, N. and Peangkha, S. (2002). Watermeal cultivation (Wolffia arrhiza). Journal of Academic Service, 10:22-26.

Suppadit, T., Phoochinda, W., Phutthilerphong, S. and Nieobubpa, C. (2008). Treatment of effluent from shrimp farms using watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza). Science Asia, 34:163-168.

Su, F., Li, Z., Li, Y., Xu, L., Li, Y., Li, S., Chen, H., Zhuang, P. and Wang, F. (2019). Removal of total nitrogen and phosphorus using single or combinations of aquatic plants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16:4663. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234663.

Tipnee, S., Jutiviboonsuk, A. and Wongtrakul, P. (2017). The bioactivity study of active compounds in Wolffia globosa extract for an alternative source of bioactive substances. Cosmetics 4:53. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics4040053.