Potential of essential oils from Piper nigrum against cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)
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Abstract
Essential oils from Piper nigrum consist of many chemical components that have properties for protecting plants from insect pests by fumigation. The potential of essential oils from dried seeds and fresh leaves of P. nigrum extracted by hydrodistillation was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The efficacy of these essential oils against adults of Callosobruchus maculatus was studied using vapor-phase tests. Results indicated that major components of P. nigrum essential oil extracted from dried seeds included alpha-bergamotene (14.57%), caryophyllene (11.47%), beta bourbonene (8.47%), 2-nonanone (7.58%), spathulenol (6.94%) and naphthalene (5.33%). Principal compounds of P. nigrum essential oil extracted from fresh leaves were beta-selinene (12.26%), germacrene D (9.15%), alpha-cubebene (8.09%), 7-epi-alpha-selinene (6.70%), aromadendreneoxide-(2) (6.99%) and alpha-cadinol (5.69%). Essential oils of P. nigrum extracted from seeds and leaves showed strong fumigant activities at 168 h against adults of C. maculatus, with 100% adult mortality at 30 and 60 µL/L air, respectively. Results indicated that essential oils from seeds and leaves of P. nigrum showed potential for management of the C. maculatus population and avoided pollution risks of synthetic agricultural chemicals in stored-product insect control for protection against cowpea weevil
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