Effect of three tropical african plants on some fungal rot of stored cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L.)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Antifungal effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Azadirachta indica, and Vernonia amygdalina on the growth of fungal pathogen of stored cocoyam cormels were investigated in-vitro. Pathogenicity test revealed that Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger ,Rhizopus stolonifer and Trichoderma viride induced rot in healthy cocoyam cormels after 9 days of inoculation, and Botryodiplodia theobromae is the most virulent with the highest percentage occurrence of 39.1%, followed by Aspergillus niger (26.0%). Although all the extract showed varying degrees of antifungal efficacy, ethanol extract proved to be more potent. Chromolaena odorata and Vernonia amygdalina showed a complete inhibition of Botryodiplodia theobromae. The effect of the extracts varied with the solvent of extraction, extract concentration and the test pathogens. The inhibitory effect of Chromolaena odorata extract is higher than other extracts in all concentrations and showed a significant (P<0.05) inhibition on all the test fungi pathogens. The fungitoxic potential of these plant extracts on rot inducing fungi of stored cocoyam corms encourages more research on the active ingredient of these plants for easy use by farmers as alternative to commercial/ synthetic fungicides.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abdullaziz, A. A. and Younes, M. R. (2010). Efficacy of some plant extracts against Rhizoctonia solani on pea. Journal of Plant Protection Research 50:239-243.
Akinmoladun, A. C., Ibukun, E. O. and Dan-ologe, I. A. (2007). Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of extracts from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata. Science Research Essay 2:191-194.
Amienyo, C. A. and Ataga, A. E. (2007). Use of indigenous plant extracts for the protection of mechanically injured sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] tubers. Scientific Research and Essay 2:167-170.
Anukworji, C. A., Ramesh Putheti, R. and Okigbo, R. N. (2012). Isolation of fungi causing rot of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta (l.) schott) and control with plant extracts: Allium sativum, l.,garcinia kola, heckel., Azadirachta indica, l. and Carica papaya,l.) Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science 1:033-047.
Asumugha G. N. and Mbanaso E. N. (2002). Cost effectiveness of farm gate cocoyam processing into frizzle. In: Agriculture a Basis For Poverty Eradication and Conflict Resolution Proceeding Of The 36th Annual Conference ASN. Futo Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria pp. 94-97.
Barnett, H. L. and Hunter, B. B. (1987). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 241 pp.
Doughari, J. H., El-mahood, A.M. and Tyoyina, I. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Senna obtusifolia L. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2:11-133
Ebele, M. I. (2011). Evaluation of some aqueous plant extracts used in the control of the pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) fruit rot fungi. Journal of Applied Biosciences 37:2419-2424.
Ekwenye, U. and Elegalam, N. (2005). Antibacterial activity of ginger (Zingiber officinal Roscoe) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Journal of Molecular Medical Advances Science 1:411-416.
Eunice. O. N. and Osuji J. O. (2008). Evaluation of plant extracts for antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii causing cocoyam cornmel rot in storage. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 4:784-787.
Eze, C.C. and Okorji, E. C. (2003). Cocoyam production by farmers under improved and local technologies in Imo State Nigeria. Journal of Science 1:133-166.
FAO. (2006). Statistical Data base result. Gangulin S. (2002). Neem”atherapeutic for all seasons. Current Science 82:1304.
Harbone J. B. (1973). Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern technique of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Iwalokun, B. A., Efedede, B. U. and Alabi- sofunde, J. A. (2006). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina on acetaminophen- induce hepatic damage in mice. Journal of Medicine Food 9:24-30.
Janseens, M. (2001). Crop production in tropical Africa. Bonn, Germany: Institut fur obstund germusebau, abt.Tropicscher pflanzenbau, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn,auf dem Hugel 6, D-53121 Bonn,Germany. Directorate general for international co-operation, Karmelietenstraat 15, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. pp. 221- 228.
Jianchu, X., Yongping, Y., Yingdong, P., Ayad, W.G., and Eyzagnire, P. (2001). Genetic diversity in taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott, Araceae) in China: An Ethnobotanical and Genetic Approach. Economic Botany 55:14-31.
Juanid, S. A., Olabode, A. O., Owuliri, F. C., Okworiu, A. E. J. and Agina, S. E. (2006). The antimicrobial properties of Occimum gratissimum extracts on some selected bacterial gastrointestinal isolates. African J0urnal of Biotechonology 5:2315- 2321.
Kolchaar, K. (2006). Economic botany in tropics. Journal of Macmillian 2:5-7.
Ling, S. K., Pisar, M. M. and Man, S. (2007). Platelate activating factor (PAF)receptor binding antagonist activity of the methanol extracts and isolated flavonoid from Chrmolaena odorata(L)King and ribinson. Biological Pharmacy Bulletin 30:1150-1152.
Lu, H. Y., Wei, M. L., Lu, C. T. and Chan, L. F. (2002). Comparison of different models for nondestructive leaf area estimation in taro. Journal of Agronomy 96:448-453.
Maduewesi, J. N. C. and Onyeka, R. C. I. (1981). Fungal rotting of cocoyams in storage in Nigeria. trop. root crops: research strategies for the 1980s (Jerry, E. R. K. A. Oduro and F. Cavenees, eds) IDRC, Ottawa, pp. 235-238.
Maragathavalli S. Brindh S. Kaviyarasi N. S. Annadurai B. and Gangwar S. K. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of neem. International Journal of Science 3:110-113.
Mwenye, O. J. (2009). Genetic diversity analysis and nutritional assessment of cocoyam genotypesin Malawi. University of the Free State Bloemfonte in South Africa, pp 21-30.
Okigbo, R. N. and Nmeka, I. A. (2005). Control of yam tuber rot with leaf extracts of Xylopia aethiopica and Zingiber officinale. African Journal of Biotechnololy 4: 804-807.
Okigbo, R. N. and Emoghene, A. O. (2004). Antifungal activity of leaf extracts of some plants species on Mycopharerella fiji eds Morelet, the causal organism of black Sigatoka disease in banana (Musa acuminata) KMITL. Science Journal 4:20-31.
Okigbo, R. N. and Odurukwe, C. N. (2009). Occurance and control of fungal rot pathogens of yam (Discorea rotundata Poir) with leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, Carica papaya and Aspillia. African Journal of Mycology 2:154- 157.
Onwueme, I. (1999). Taro cultivation in Asia and Pacific: RAP Publication1999/16. Bangokok, Thailand: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations regional office for Asia and the Pacific.
Onyenweaku, C. E. and Ezeh, N. O. A. (1987). Trends in production, area and productivity of cocoyam in Nigeria 1960/61-1981/84: In Cocoyams pp. 94-100.
Perez, E. Schultz, F. S. and Delahaye, E. P. (2005). Characterisation of some properties of starches isolated from Xanthosoma sagittifolium (tannia) and Colocasia esculenta (taro). Carbohydrate Polymers 60:139-145.
Phan, T. T., Wang, P., See, R. J., Grayer, S., Chan, Y. and Lee, S. T. (2001). Phenolic compounds of Chromolaena odorata protect cultured skin cells from oxidaive, damage; implication for cutaneous wound healing. Biological Pharmacy Bulletin 24:1373-1379.
Philip, A. I., Jones, O.M. and Herbert, A.O. (2005). Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of three Nigerian medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases traditionally. Journal Pharmacy Bioresources 2:116-119.
Purglove, J. W. (1991). Technical crops dicotyledons. Londman Scientific and Technical. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. N.Y. USA. 18:200-209.
Rodriguez, L. Lopez, D. J. Preston, T. R. and Peters, K. (2006). New cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) as partial replacement for soyabean meal in sugar cane diets for growing pigs. Livestock Research for rura development18.Retrieved from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd. (2009/09/10).
Sangoyomi, T.E., Ekpo, E.J.A. and Asiedu, R. (2009). Fungitoxic effects and attributes of Allium sativum and Occimum gratissimum extracts on Rhizoctonia solani, the causal organism of yam (Dioscorea rotundat (Poir) rot disease. Nigerian Journal of Mycology 2:166 -167.
Schmidt, G. J. and Schilling, E. E. (2000). Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany 87:16-30.
Tijjani, A. Adebitan, S. A. Gurama, A. U. Aliyu, M. Dawakiji, A.Y., Haruna, S. G. and Muhammmed, N. A. (2013). Efficacy of some botanicals for the control of wet rot Disease on mechanically injured sweet potato caused by Arhizopus stolonifer in Bauchi State. International Journal of Scientific and Research 3:6.
Timothy, S. Y., Goji, S. Y., Abdussalam, B., Mava, Y. and Galadima, I. H. (2011). Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of the ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) (meliaceae). International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaeutical Technology 3:10-20.
Udo, S. E., Madunagu, B. E and Isenin, C. D. (2001). Inhibition of growth and sporulation of fungal pathogen on potato and yam by garlic extract. Nigeria Journal of Botany 4:35-39.
Udochukwu ,U., Omeje, F. I., Uloma, I. S. and Oseiwe, F. D. (2015). Phytochemical analysis of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum extracts and their antibacterial activity on some drug resistant bacteria. American Journal of Research Communication 3:225-235.
Ugbajah, M. O. and Uzuegbuna, C. O. (2012). Causative factors of decline in cocoyam production in ezeagu local government area of enugu state: implications for sustainable food security. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 4:2-3.
Zuhair, M. and Hunter, D. G. (2000). Taro cultivation and use in the maldwes. IPGR Session of IATRC, Tsukuba. Japan. 97 pp.