Controlling powdery mildew disease of Craterostigma pumilum Hochst. ornamental plant
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Powdery mildew was first observed on Craterostigma pumilum ornamental plant in November 2014 at Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Mae-Rim District, Chiang Mai Province. The fungus was identified as genus Fibroidium sp. based on the morphological characteristics of the anamorph using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The selection of the concentration of environmentally friendly chemicalincluding; aspirin, baking soda, dairy milk (raw cow milk and sterilized milk), were tested for inhibition of spore germination on thin layer of onion. The percentage of spore germination inhibition was gradually increased by increasing the tested concentration compared to the control treatment (water only). The experiment indicated that aspirin (13.38g/20L), baking soda (50g/20L), raw cow milk (10%), sterilized milk (10%) compare with the commercial fungicide carbendazim (10cc/20L) and sulfur (30g/20L). Then, the next experiments on C. pumilum were conducted under greenhouse condition during 2015 growing seasons for management of powdery mildew. In these trials, the results showed that revealed spray commercial fungicide sulfur was the superior treatment in this regard, being 85.71% efficiency followed by spraying of raw cow milk (77.38% efficiency). Then, carbendazim, baking soda and sterilized milk (71.42% efficiency). Meanwhile, aspirin was the lowest efficient in reducing the severity of the disease being 60.71% efficiency. Control treatment recorded 70% disease severity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abdel-Moneim, M. F., Zidan, M. I., and El-Sawah, M. Y. (1980). Field evaluation of some recently developed fungicides for the control of squash powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Agricultural Research Review 58:273-281.
Antoniw, J. F. and White, R. F. (1980). The effects of aspirine and polyacrilic acid on soluble leaf proteins and resistance to virus infection in five cultivars of tobacco. Phytopathology Zeitschr 98:331-341.
Beresford, R. M., Wearing, C. H., Marshall, R. R., Shaw, P. W., Spink, M. and Wood, P. N. (1996). Slaked lime, baking soda and mineral oil for black spot and powdery mildew control in apples. Proc. 49th N.Z. Plant Protection Conference. pp. 106-113.
Bettiol, W. (1999). Effectiveness of cow’s milk against zucchini squash powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in greenhouse conditions. Crop Protection 18:489-492.
Biswas, S., Teotia, R. S. and Manal, S. K. (1992). Some field observations on the severity of powdery mildew (Phyllactinia corylea) in mulberry. Indian Journal of Science. 31:67-69.
Blundell, M. (1987). Wild Flowers of East Africa. Collins, London.
Braun, U., Cook, R. T. A., Inman, A. J. and Shin, H. D. (2002). The taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi. In ‘The Powdery Mildews: A Comprehensive Treatise’. (Eds RR B’elanger, WR Bushnell, AJ Dik, TLW Carver). pp. 13-55.
Charuvi, D., Reinat, N., Eyal, S., Leah, N., Ahmad, Z., Zach, A., Jill, M.F., Helmut K. and Ziv, R. (2015). Photoprotection conferred by changes in photosynthetic protein levels and organization during dehydration of a Homoiochlorophyllous Resurrection Plant.
Chaudhary, S. A. (2001). Flora of the kingdom of saudi arabia, Ministry of Agriculture & Water, Riyadh.
Collenette, S. (1985). An illustrated guide to the flowers of saudi arabia. MEPA and Scorpion Publishing Ltd., London.
Collenette, S. (1999). Wild flowers of saudi arabia. NCWCD. Riyadh.
Cook, R. T. A. and Braun, U. (2009). Conidial germination patterns in powdery mildews. Mycological Research 113: 616-636.
Cook, R. T. A., Inman, A. J. and Billings, C. (1997). Identification and classification of powdery mildew anamorphs using light and scanning electron microscopy and host range data. Mycological Research 101:975-1002.
Crisp, P., Wicks, T. J., Bruer, D., and Scott, E. S. (2006). An evaluation of biological and abiotic controls for grapevine powdery mildew. 2. Vineyard trials. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 12:203–211.
Durmusoglu, E., Massfeld, W. and Sengonca, C. (1997). Determination of the exposure of workers to two different pesticides in a greenhouse with roses. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomolgie (German). 11:319–322.
Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Parts, E., Emeran, A.A., and Rubiales, D. (2009). Characterization of resistance mechanisms to powdery mildew (Erysiohe betae) in beet (Beta vulgaris). Phytopathology 99:385-389.
Fischer, E. (2006). Scrophulariaceae. In: Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, vol. 5. The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa. pp. 235-308.
Garcia, J. E. (1993). Pesticides as contaminants. Turrialba (Casta Rica) Review Plant Pathology 74:409.
Hirata, K. (1942). On the shape of the germ tubes of Erysiphaceae. Bulletin Chiba Collection. Horticulture 5:34-39.
Homma, Y., Arimoto, T. and Misato, T. (1981). Studies on the control of plant disease by sodium bicarbonate formulation (Part 2). Effect of sodium bicarbonate on each growth stage of cucumber powdery mildew fungus (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in its life cycle. Journal of Pest Science 6:201-209.
Horst, R. K. and Kawamoto, S. O. (1992). Effect of sodium bicarbonate and oils on control of powdery mildew and black spot of roses. Plant Disease 76:247-251.
Keinath, A. B. and DuBose, V. B. (2004). Evalation of fungicides for prevention and management of powdery mildew on watermelon. Crop Protection 23:35-42.
Kuepper, G., Thomas, R. and Earles, R. (2001). Use of baking soda as a fungicide. national centre for appropriate technology, Fayetteville, AR. Retrieved from http://attra.ncat.org/attrapub/bakingsoda.html.
Lopez-Lopez, M. J., Liebana., E., Marcilla., P. and Barltra, R. (1995). Resistance induced in potato tubers by treatment with acetylsalicylic acid to soft rot produced by Erwinia carotovora spp. carotovora. Journal of Phytopathology 143:71-24.
McGrath, M. T. (1991). Reduced effectiveness of triadimefon for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew associated with fungicide resistance in Sphaerotheca fluttginea. Phytopathology 81:1191.
McGrath, M. T. (2001). Fungicide resistance in cucurbit powdery mildew: experiences and challenges. Plant Disease 85:236-245.
McGrath, M. T. (2004). Protectant fungicides for managing powdery mildew in cucurbits: How do they stack up?. Vegetable MD On line. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Ithaca, Ny 14833. Magaret Tuttle McGrath, Associate professor. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticulture Research and Extension Center/Cornell University, Zaeir.
Nair, K. R. S. and Ellingboe, A. H. (1962). Method of controlled inoculations with conidiospores of Erysiphe graminis var. tritici. Phytophthology 52: 714.
Olivier, C., MacNeil, C. R. and Loria, R. (1999). Application of organic and inorganic salts to field-grown potato tubers can suppress silver scurf during potato storage. Plant Disease 83:814-818.
Pankaj, B., Chandra, S., Bag, T. K. and Ngachan, S. V. (2010). First report of powdery mildew caused by anamorphic Podosphaera sp. on Coreopsis sp. in India. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 5:90-92.
Pérez-García A., Romero, D., Fernández-Ortuño D., López-Ruiz F., De Vicente A. and Torés, J. A. (2009). The powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera fusca (synonym Podosphaera xanthii), a constant threat to cucurbits. Molecular Plant Pathology 10:153:160.
Reuveni, M. and Reuveni, R. (1995). Efficacy of foliar application of phosphates in controlling powdery mildew fungus on field-grown winegrapes: effects on cluster yield and peroxidase activity in berries. Journal of Phytopathology 143:21-25.
Sawant, S. S. D. and Sawant, I. S. (2008). Use of potassium bi-carbonates for the control of powdery mildew in table grapes. Proc. IS on Grape Production and Processing. Acta Horticulturae 785:285-291.
Sudisha, J., Kumar, A., Amruthesh, K. N., Niranjana S. R. and Shetty, H. S. (2011). Elicitation of resistance and defense related enzymes by raw cow milk and amino acids in pearl millet against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola. Crop Protection 30:794-801.
To-anun, C., Kom-un, S., Sunawan, A., Sato, Y., and Takamatsu, S. (2005). A new subgenus, Microidium, of Oidium (Erysiphaceae) on Phyllanthus. Mycoscience 46: 1-8.
Townsend, G. R., and Heuberger, J. W. (1943). Methods for estimating losses caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Disease Reporter 27:340-343.
White, R. (1979). Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) induces resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco. Virology 99:410-412.
Wolf, P. F. and Verreet, A. (2008). Quaternary IPM (integrated pest management)-concept for the control of powdery mildew in sugar beets. Common. Agriculture Apply Biological Science 73:57-68.
Wood, J. R. I. (1997). A handbook of the Yemen Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Ziv, O. and Zitter, T. A. (1992). Effects of bicarbonates and film-forming polymers on cucurbit foliar diseases. Plant Disease 76:513-517.