Fungal pathogens affecting seedlings of Gmelina Arborea Roxb and Tectona Grandis L.F. and effect of three plant extracts
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
A total of ten fungi were isolated from different parts (root, stem and leaf) of G. arborea and T. grandis as well as the rhizosphere (soil). The fungal isolates were; Aspergillus flavus Link ex Grey, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Botryodiplodia theobromae Sacc., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, Geotrichium sp Link, Penicillium sp Link: Fries, Rhizoctonia solani D.C., Rhizopus stolonifer Ehrenberg ex corda, Sclerotium rolfsii Tode, Trichoderma viride Persoon ex Grey. The most frequently occurred fungi were Rhizopus stolonifer (23.73%), Botryodiplodia theobromae (22.03%), Aspergillus niger (15.25%) and Trichoderma viride (10.17%). Pathogenicity test revealed that A. niger, B. theobromae and R. stolonifer were pathogenic on on healthy seedlings of G. arborea and T. grandis. Standard antibiotics (Grisovid) was used as positive control comparative to plant extracts, while sterile distilled water was used as a negative control. All the plant extracts inhibited the growth of the test organisms at varying degrees. The effect of concentration of extracts on the test organism was significant (P<0.05). Colony diameter of the inhibition zone increased as the concentration of the extract increased (2.5%>5.0%>7.5%>10.0%). Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum had the highest inhibitory effects on the mycelia growth of all test fungi, while the lowest inhibitory effects were recorded by ethanol and aqueous extracts of Carica papaya. Ethanol plant extract proved to be more potent than aqueous plant extracts. In all, 10.0% extract concentration gave the maximum inhibition on the three test fungi. The result of this research study showed that A. sativum, C. papaya and Z. officinale have effective inhibitory potentials against the fungi identified. Hence, their biological active ingredients can be exploited for the control of fungal pathogens affecting forestry nursery seedlings. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to phytochemical as a means of disease control and the substitutions of plant extracts as potential antifungal agents and thus recommend their use to foresters as an alternative to synthetic fungicides.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Ademiluyi, E. and Okeke, R. E. (1973). Studies on the Specific Gravity and Fibre Characteristics of Gmelina arborea in Some Nigerian Plantations. Nigeria Journal of Sciences, 13:132-242.
Akachukwu, A. E. and Amakiri, M. A. (1992). Variation in Population of Soil Microogranisms with Age of Gmelina arborea Plantation and their Infection of the Wood. Proceedings from Forestry Association of Nigeria. 332 pp.
Amienyo, C. A. and Ataga, A. E. (2007). Use of Indigenous Plant Extracts for the Protection of Mechanically Injured Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) Tubers. Academic Journal of Science Research and Essay 2:167-170.
Anonymous (2002). Gmelina: Gmelina arborea Roxb. ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity conservation. ASEAN Environmental Education Plan 2000-2005.
Anukwuorji, C. A., Anuagasi, C. L. and Okigbo, R. N. (2013). Occurrence and Control of Fungal Pathogens of Potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) With Plant Extracts. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology Research 2:273-289.
Anukwuorji, C. A., Chukwuma, M. O., Ezebo, R. O. and Anuagasi, C. L. (2016). Antimicrobial Effects of Four Plant Extracts against Post Harvest Spoilage Fungi of Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). International Journal of Plant and Soil Science 12:1-10.
Barnett, H. L. and Hunter, B. B. (1998). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 4th Edition. Macmillian Publishing Company, USA. 202 pp.
Cheesbrough, M. (2000). Medical Microbiology Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Linacre House Jordan Hill, Oxford. 260 pp.
Chijioke, E. O. (1986). Soil Factors and Growth of Gmelina arborea in Omo Forest Reserve. Forest Ecology and Management 23:245-251.
Cromer, R. N., Kriedemann, P. E., Sands, P. I. and Stewart, L. G. (1993). Leaf Growth and Photosynthetic Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Seedling Trees of Gmelina arborea. Plant Physiology 20:83-98.
Derso, E. (1999). Occurrence, Prevalence and Control Methods of Phaeoramularia Leaf and Fruit Spot Disease of Citrus in Ethiopia. Fruits Journal 54:225-232.
Dugan, F. M. (2006). The Identification of Fungi. APS Press, St Paul Minnesota. Pp 50.
Duke, J. A. (2002). Gmelina arborea Roxb. Purdue University, Centre for New Crops and Plant Products. Retrieved from http://www.hot.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke/energe/-Gmelinaarborea. html.
Ebele, M. I. (2011). Evaluation of Aqueous Plant Extracts to Control Rot Fungi in paw paw. Journal of Applied Biosciences 37:2419-2424.
Ekwenye, U. N. and Elegalam, N. N. (2005). Antibacterial Activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Garlic (Allium satinum L.) Extracts on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advanced Science 1:411-416.
Ellis, D., Davis, S., Alexiou, H., Handke, R and Bartley, R. (2007). Descriptions of Medical Fungi. Second Edition. Nexus Print Solutions, Adelaide, Australia. 204 pp.
Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) (1989). Le Gmelinaarborea. Bureau regionalde la FAO Pours l’Afrique, Accra, Ghana.
Forestry Department, Ministry of Environment, Awka (2006). The Names and Locations of Forest Reserves in Anambra State and Other Useful Information as Regards Forestry and Wildlife Department (unpublished). 22 pp.
Green, K. R. (1994). Studies on the Epidemiology and Control of Yam Anthracnose. (Unpublished) Ph.D Thesis. University of Reading. 206 pp.
Hashim, M. N. and Mohd Noor, M. (2002). Tectona grandis. A Manual for Forest Plantation Establishment in Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Malayan Forest Records 45:245-258.
Horne, J. E. M. (1966). Teak in Nigeria. Nigerian Information Bulletin (New Series) No.16.
Hsieh, T. F. and Huang, J. W. (2001). Leaf-disk Method for Assessment of Disease Severity of Lily Leaf Blight Caused by Botrytis elliptica. Plant Pathology Bulletin 10:37-44.
Inyang, L. E. D. (1990). Fungal Butt and Root Disease: Threats to Bioconservation of Nigeria Forest. Nigerian Journal of Science Bioconservation 1:98-115.
Iwu, M. (2003). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Ration, Florida. 486 pp.
Jawetz, M., Adelberg, B. G. F., Brutel, J. S. and Morse, S. A. (2004). Medical Microbiology. 3rd Edition. Mcgraw Hill Companies, Inc., Singapore. 818 pp.
Julian, E. (1982). Plantation Forestry in the Tropics. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp 50.
Kadambi, K. (1972). Silviculture and Management of Teak. Bulletin No. 24, School of forestry, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, 137 pp.
Mohd Farid, A., Lee, S. S., Maziah, Z., Rosli, H. and Norwati, M. (2005). Basal Root Rot, a new Disease of Teak (Tectona grandis) in Malaysia caused by Phellinus noxius. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 1:40-45.
Nair, K. S. S. and Sumardi, R. (2000). Insect Pests and Diseases of Major Plantation Species. In Nair, K. S. S. (Ed). Insect Pests and Diseases in Indonesia Forests. CIFOR, Indonesia pp. 15-37.
Nwoboshi, L. C. (1982). Tropical Silviculture Principles and Techniques. Ibadan University Press Publishing House. 303 pp.
Okigbo, R. N. and Osuinde, M. I. (2003). Fungal Leaf Spot Diseases of Mango (Mangiferaindica L.) in Southeastern Nigeria and Biological Control with Bacillus subtilis. Plant Protection Science Journal 39:70-77.
Okigbo, R. N., Ramesh Putheti and Achusi, C. T. (2009). Post Harvest Deterioration of Cassava and its Control using Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Aframomum melegueta. Electronic Journal of Chemistry 6:1274-1280.
Okigbo,R. N. and Odurukwe, C. N. (2009). Occurence and Control of Fungal Rot Pathogens of Yams (Dioscorea spp) with Leaf Extracts of Chromolena odorata, Carica papaya and Aspilia africana. Nigerian Journal of Mycology 2:154-165.
Okigbo, R. N. and Emeka, A. N. (2010). Biological Control of Rot Inducing Fungi of Water Yam (Dioscorea alata) with Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Journal of Stored Products and Post harvest Research 1:18-23.
Okigbo, R. N., Opara, P. U. and Anuagasi, C. L. (2015). Efficacy of extracts of water yam (Dioscorea alata) and aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) peels in the control of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) rot. Journal of Agricultural Technology 11:1823-1842.
Orwa, C. A. M., Kindt, R. and Jamnadass, R. S. A. (2009). Agroforestry Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide Version 4.0. Available online at http//www.worldagroforestry.org/sites.Accessed 15th November, 2015.
Richter, H. G. and Dallwitz, M. J. (2000). Commercial Timbers: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification and Information. Retrieval: English version 4th May, 2002. Http://biodiversity.uni.edu/delta. Assesed 7/10/2015.
Robertson, B. (2002). Growing Teak in the End of the Agnote. Darwin 346 (20): 1-7.
Sangoyomi, T. E. (2004). Post Harvest Fungal Deterioration of Yam (Dioscorea spp Poir) and its Control. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigerian (Unpublished).179Pp.
Sofowora, A. (1997). Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Africa. First Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 128-129.
Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (1999). SAS System for Personal Computers. 1002-SAS Institute Inc., Carry NC 27512-8000, USA.
Suleiman, M. N. (2010). Fungitoxic Activity of Neem and Pawpaw Leaves Extracts on Alternaria solani, Causal Organism of Yam Rots. Advanced Environmental Biology Journal 4:159-161.
Tsao, P. H. (1983). Factors Affecting Isolation and Quantification of Phytophthora from Soil: Phytophthora, its Biology, Taxonomy and Pathology.In: Ewim, D.C., Barthnicki-gracia, S. and Tsao, P.H. (Eds). St. Paul American Phytopathological Society. 467 pp.
Ukoima, H. N., Akpan,E. E. and Pepple, G. A. (2013). Identification and Control of Fungal Pathogens of Tectona grandis (L.F) Seedlings in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Plant Sciences 4:12-18.
Umana, E. J., Akwaji, P. I., Markson, A. A. and Udo, S. E. (2015). Gmelina arborea Roxb: Associated Mycoflora and Diseases in Cross River State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 15:2249-4626.
Wahua, T. A. T. (1999). Applied Statistics for Scientific Studies.Afrika Linka Books, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria. 498 pp.
Whipps, J. M. (1987). Effects of Media Growth and Interactions between a Range of Soil-borne Grass Pathogens and Antagosnistic Fungi. New pathologist 107:127-142.
White, K. J. (1992). Teak: Some aspects of Research and Development. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA) Bangkok. RAPA Publication: 1991/17. 53 pp.