The utilization of charcoal from agricultural residual waste materials in nitrification from hybrid catfish cultured water
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Abstract
Aquaculture growth activities have increased in high nitrite and nitrate concentration in wastewater. The nitrification of three agricultural residual wastes (i.e., coconut shell, durian peel, and corncob) as materials for fixing bacteria involved in nitrification was reported. Charcoal from microbial curing of three materials reduced the amount of TAN (Total ammonia nitrogen) in hybrid catfish cultured water from TAN from greater than 4 mg-N/L to 0.5 mg-N/L by transformation to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrification was completed within three days, with all three charcoal types reducing ammonia at similar levels. While the control set (without the charcoal), TAN concentrations were at least 3 mg-N/L, with minor accumulations of nitrite and nitrate accumulation.
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