Seaweed extract and brassinolide can enhance the dwarfing characteristics of potted chrysanthemum
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The search for environmental-friendly applications in agriculture is a priority and a necessity. The use of bio-stimulants such as seaweed extracts (SE) and brassinolide (BL) to improve plant growth, quality, and productivity is an effective and eco-friendly strategy. A pot experiment was carried out during the 2018 and 2019 seasons to investigate the effect of spraying plant growth retardants; cycocel (CCC) and paclobutrazol (PPP), in interaction with bio-stimulants; SE (Kelpak®) and BL (Milagrow®) on dwarfing characteristics of chrysanthemum [Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] cv. ‘Pink Zambla’ to achieve a desirable plant height with a high dwarfing value. Significant improvements of the studied traits; plant height, leaf number, branche number, plant biomass weight, flowering start, flower number, flower diameter, flowering period, and chlorophyll content was recorded for the combination treatments compared to the single application of the dwarfing factors. Concerning the key characteristics of chrysanthemum as potted plant, the best results were recorded in plants treated by combination of 3000 mg L-1 CCC or 50 mg L-1 PPP with different rates of Kelpak or Milagrow. It is possible to recommend the use of growth bio-stimulants along with growth inhibitors to produce a potted dwarf chrysanthemum plant with high flowering quality that increase its commercial value and meets consumer and market needs.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abbas, M. M., Ahmad, S. and Anwar, R. (2007). Effect of growth retardants to break apical dominance in Rosa damascena. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44:524-529.
Abbas, M. N. (2017). Effect of some cultural treatments on the vegetative growth and flowering in Euphorbia pulcherrima plant. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abdel-Gawad, A. I. M. (2016). Some factors affecting the growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum indicum plant. M.Sc., Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Abdel-Moniem, A. M. (2016). Effect of some growth retardants on growth and flowering of Helianthus annuus L. cv. Sunrich Orange Summer 981V plants. B- Application of ancymidol, daminozide and ethephon in combinations. Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants, 3:119-134.
Abou Elhassan, M. H., Bosila, H. A., Hamza, M. A., Elateeq, A. A. and Abdel-Gawad, A. I. (2021). Effect of cycocel and paclobutrazol on the dwarfing characteristics of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research, 46:41-50.
Al-Dulaimy, A. F. Z., Alani, M. H. I., Awad, I. M., Khudair, R. I. A., Salim, H. A. and Jasem, S. M. (2021). Response of Gazania plants (Gazania splendens L.) to seaweed extract (Tecamin Algae) and nano stimulator (Proteck CalBor). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, 910:012052.
Al-Shaer, A. E. I. (2004). Effect of some hormonal treatments and cultural medium on growth, flowering and resin content of Grindelia camporum green plants. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Ali, B. (2017). Practical applications of brassinosteroids in horticulture—some field perspectives. Scientia Horticulturae, 225:15-21.
Anton, I., Dorneanu, A., Dana, D. and Coteț, V. (2010). Agriculture development of Romania in EU integration conditions by using unconventional means of fertilization. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 42:8-13.
Asrar, A.-W., Elhindi, K. and Abdel-Salam, E. (2014). Growth and flowering response of chrysanthemum cultivars to Alar and slow-release fertilizer in an outdoor environment. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 12:963-971.
Begum, M., Bordoloi, B. C., Singha, D. D. and Ojha, N. J. (2018). Role of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of some agricultural crops: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 39:321-326.
Behnamnia, M. (2015). Protective roles of brassinolide on tomato seedlings under drought stress. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 8:455-462.
Benjawan, C., Chutichudet, P. and Chanaboon, T. (2007). Effect of chemical paclobutrazol on growth, yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Har lium cultivar in northeast Thailand. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10:433-438.
Bosila, H. A., Zeawail, M. E.-F., Sleem, A. H., Hamza, M. A. and Ghoneim, A. H. (2016). Influence of seaweed extract (Kelpak) on flowering in Pelargonium zonale L. Var ‘Serena’ plant. Journal of Biological Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, 11:529-538.
Dehghan, M., Balouchi, H., Yadavi, A. and Zare, E. (2020). Improve wheat (Triticum aestivum) performance by brassinolide application under different irrigation regimes. South African Journal of Botany, 130:259-267.
Di Benedetto, A. and Molinari, J. (2007). Influence of river waste-based media on efficacy of paclobutrazol in inhibiting growth of Petunia x hybrida. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2:289-295.
Eid, F. S., El-Kholy, M. F. and Hosny, S. S. (2016). Effect of foliar sprays application of Milagrow on yield and fruit quality of avocado tree cv. "Fuerte". Journal of Plant Production, Mansoura University, 7:1495-1499.
EL Boukhari, M. E., Barakate, M., Bouhia, Y. and Lyamlouli, K. (2020). Trends in seaweed extract based biostimulants: Manufacturing process and beneficial effect on soil-plant systems. Plants, 9:359.
Fariduddin, Q., Yusuf, M., Begum, M. and Ahmad, A. (2014). 28-homobrassinolide protects photosynthetic machinery in Indian mustard under high temperature stress. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 10:181-194.
Ferreira dos Santos, P. L., Zabotto, A. R., Jordão, H. W. C., Boas, R. L. V., Broetto, F. and Tavares, A. R. (2019). Use of seaweed-based biostimulant (Ascophyllum nodosum) on ornamental sunflower seed germination and seedling growth. Ornamental Horticulture, 25:231-237.
Ghatas, Y., Ali, M., Elsadek, M. and Mohamed, Y. (2021). Enhancing growth, productivity and artemisinin content of Artemisia annua L. plant using seaweed extract and micronutrients. Industrial Crops and Products, 161:113202.
Ghatas, Y. A. A. (2016). Influence of paclobutrazol and cycocel sprays on the growth, flowering and chemical composition of potted Chrysanthemum frutescens plant. Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 54:355-364.
Ghoneim, A. H. M. (2016). Some factors affecting the growth and flowering of Pelargonium zonale plant. (Master Thesis), Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Hu, Y.-J., Shi, L.-X., Sun, W. and Guo, J.-X. (2013). Effects of abscisic acid and brassinolide on photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis from Songnen Plain grassland in Northeast China. Botanicals Studies, 54:42.
Huang, G., Han, M., Yao, W. and Wang, Y. (2017). Transcriptome analysis reveals the regulation of brassinosteroids on petal growth in Gerbera hybrida. PeerJ, 5:e3382.
Kandil, M. M., Shalaby, M. A. and Mahgoub, M. H. (2007). Effect of some growth regulators on the levels of endogenous hormones chemical and constituents of rose plant. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 2:720-730.
Kanwar, M. K., Bakshi, P., Sharma, P., Kour, J., Singh, A. D., Dhiman, S., Ibhrahim, M., Mir, B. A., Ahammed, G. J., Zhou, J. and Bhardwaj, R. (2022). Brassinosteroids in plant reproductive development. In: Ahammed, G. J., Sharma, A., & Yu, J. (Eds) Brassinosteroids in Plant Developmental Biology and Stress Tolerance. Academic Press, pp. 105-130.
Karunananda, D. P. and Peiris, S. E. (2010). Effects of pinching, cycocel and B-nine treatments on branching habit of pot poinsettia (Euphobia pulcherrima Willd). Tropical Agricultural Research, 21:284-292.
Khan, M. I., Muzamil, S., Abid, M., Hassan, A. and Mathew, B. (2012). Effect of different levels of cycocel and maleic hydrazide on growth and flowering of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. PUSA NARANGI GAINDA. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 7:294-296.
Kumar, S., Haripriya, K., Kumar, S., Muraleedharan, A. and Kamalakannan, S. (2019). Effect of cycocel on growth, flowering and yield of nerium (Nerium odorum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8:2226-2228.
Li, Q., Zhang, L., Cao, S., Li, J. A., Yan, J., Xiong, L., Wang, F. and He, J. (2023). Dwarfing effect of plant growth retarders on Melaleuca alternifolia. Forests, 14:732.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. In: Methods in enzymology. Elsevier, Academic Press, 148:350-382.
Lodeta, K. B., Ban, S. G., Perica, S., Dumičić, G. and Bućan, L. (2010). Response of poinsettia to drench application of growth regulators. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8:297-301.
Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley's Plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classifications and uses. Cambridge University Press.
Magnitskiy, S. V., Pasian, C. C., Bennett, M. A. and Metzger, J. D. (2006). Controlling plug height of Verbena, Celosia, and Pansy by treating seeds with paclobutrazol. Hortscience, 41:158-161.
Mishra, D. K. and Yadava, L. P. (2011). Influence of paclobutrazol application on the flower size and yield of China aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees). Journal of Applied Horticulture, 13:147-149.
Mohamed, Y. F. Y. (2020). Impact of some growth stimulants in cooperation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, productivity and chemical constituents of Dutch fennel plant. Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants, 7:303-319.
Müssig, C. (2005). Brassinosteroid-promoted growth. Plant Biology, 7:110-117.
Nada, R. S., Ashmawi, A. E., Mady, E., Randhir, T. and Elateeq, A. A. (2022). Effect of organic manure and plant growth promoting microbes on yield, quality and essential oil constituents of fennel bulb (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Ecological Engineering, 23:149-164.
North, J. J., Laubscher, C. P. and Ndakidemi, P. A. (2010). Effect of the growth retardant Cycocel® in controlling the growth of Dombeya burgessiae. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9:4529-4533.
Oyoo, J., Nyongesa, M., Mbiyu, M. and Lungaho, C. (2010). Organic farming: effect of Kelpak and Earthlee on the yield of Irish potatoes. Proceedings of the 12th Kari Biennial Scientific Conference “Transforming Agriculture for improved livelihoods through Agricultural Product Value Chains, pp 8-12.
Pobudkiewicz, A. (2014). Effect of growth retardant on some morphological and physiological traits of chrysanthemum. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences, 29:291-306.
Prashanth, P., Reddy, S. A. and Srihari, D. (2006). Studies on the effect of certain plant growth regulators on growth of Floribunda roses (Rosa hybrida L.). Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 34:78-82.
Salam, U., Ullah, S., Tang, Z. -H., Elateeq, A. A., Khan, Y., Khan, J., Khan, A. and Ali, S. (2023). Plant metabolomics: An overview of the role of primary and secondary metabolites against different environmental stress factors. Life, 13:706.
Samira, I. M.-H., Dridi-Mouhandes, B., Mansour-Gueddes, S. and Denden, M. (2012). 24-Epibrassinolide ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress (NaCl) on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 8:232-240.
Seadh, S. E., Attia, A. N. E., Badawi, M. A. and El-Hety, M. S. E. (2012). Response of seed yield and its components of safflower to sowing dates, nitrogen fertilizer levels and times of foliar application with milagrow. Journal of Biological Sciences, 12:342-348.
Sheng, J., Li, X. and Zhang, D. (2022). Gibberellins, brassinolide, and ethylene signaling were involved in flower differentiation and development in Nelumbo nucifera. Horticultural Plant Journal, 8:243-250.
Singh, J., Nigam, R., Singh, R., Kumar, A. and Kumar, A. (2018). Effect of gibberellic acid and cycocel on growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Ramat) cv. Birbal Sahni. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, SP1:2753-2758.
Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1980). Statistical Methods. 7th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Soliman, M. N., Toaima, N. M. and Mahmoud, S. M. (2022). Effect of different levels of cycocel on the vegetative growth and flowering of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis plant. Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research, 47:46-56.
Sridhar, S. and Rengasamy, R. (2010). Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on the growth, biochemical constituents and yield of Tagetes erecta, under field trial. Journal of Phytology, 2:61-68.
Thakur, R., Sood, A., Nagar, P. K., Pandey, S., Sobti, R. C. and Ahuja, P. S. (2006). Regulation of growth of Lilium plantlets in liquid medium by application of paclobutrazol or ancymidol, for its amenability in a bioreactor system: growth parameters. Plant Cell Reports, 25:382-391.
Toaima, N., Mahmoud, S., Hamza, M. and Nour el deen, M. A. (2018). Influence of different levels of Ethephon on the growth and flowering of Euphorbia pulcherrima var. 'Freedom Red'. Arabian Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 4:45-55.
Tsegaw, T., Hammes, S. and Robbertse, J. (2005). Paclobutrazol-induced leaf, stem, and root anatomical modifications in potato. Hortscience, 40:1343-1346.
Vaghasia, M. and Polara, N. D. (2016). Effect of plant growth retardants on growth, flowering and yield of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cv. IIHR-6. Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3:99-104.
Vijayakumar, S., Nair, S. A., Nair, A. K., Laxman, R. H. and Kalaivanan, D. (2021). Influence of phenophase based irrigation and fertigation schedule on vegetative performance of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzelev.) var. Marigold. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 16:222-233.
Wickramasinghe, N. P. C. H., Seran, T. H. and Senarathne, M. M. D. J. (2021). Flowering attributes of Henckelia Royal Queen influenced by pinching and Paclobutrazol application. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 56:177-184.
Xu, L. and Geelen, D. (2018). Developing biostimulants from agro-food and industrial by-products. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9:1567.
Yadava, P., Kaushal, J., Gautam, A., Parmar, H. and Singh, I. (2016). Physiological and biochemical effects of 24-epibrassinolide on heat-stress adaptation in maize (Zea mays L.). Natural Science, 8:171-179.
Youssef, A. S. M. and Abd El-Aal, M. M. M. (2013). Effect of paclobutrazol and cycocel on growth, flowering, chemical composition and histological features of potted Tabernaemontana coronaria Stapf plant. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 9:5953-5963.
Youssef, F. S., Eid, S. Y., Alshammari, E., Ashour, M. L., Wink, M. and El-Readi, M. Z. (2020). Chrysanthemum indicum and Chrysanthemum morifolium: chemical composition of their essential oils and their potential use as natural preservatives with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Foods, 9:1460.
Zhang, M., Yang, J., Pan, H. and Pearson, B. J. (2020). Dwarfing effects of chlormequat chloride and uniconazole on potted baby primrose. HortTechnology, 30:536-543.
Zhang, Z., Ramirez, J., Reboutier, D., Brault, M., Trouverie, J., Pennarun, A.-M., Amiar, Z., Biligui, B., Galagovsky, L. and Rona, J.-P. (2005). Brassinosteroids regulate plasma membrane anion channels in addition to proton pumps during expansion of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Plant Cell Physiology, 46:1494-1504.
Zheng, R.-r., Wu, Y. and Xia, Y.-p. (2012). Chlorocholine chloride and paclobutrazol treatments promote carbohydrate accumulation in bulbs of Lilium Oriental hybrids ‘Sorbonne’. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 13:136-144.
Zong, X., Dong, Y., Shahid, M., Ahmad-Anjum, S., Shakoor, A., Lv, J., Li, N., He, X., Xu, Y., Wu, X. and Wang, S. (2019). Improving growth and physiochemical attributes of Leymus chinensis through exogenous brassinolide, urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate in arid grassland. Agrociencia, 53:99-114.
