Determinants of income diversification among farm households in Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The research finding indicated that the age and education level of the household head, the household size, household members migrating for domestic and overseas work, the amount of household debt in the informal sector, and household members’ access to credit significantly and positively affected income diversification among farm households in Thailand. The household dependency ratio, annual household income per capita, and the household's land size were found to be significantly and negatively associated with income diversification. In contrast, the sex of the household head, the amount of household debt in the formal sector, and the location of residence were not significant factors in determining income diversification. These results indicated specific factors determining income diversification, enabling policymakers to understand household resources, conditions, and social barriers. Such understanding allowed the policymaker to enhance participation in income diversification strategies in an informed and effective way.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Aababbo, Y. E. and Sawore, A. M. (2016). Assessing determinant factors of income diversification among rural farm households in Ethiopia: The case of Leemo and Anileemo Districts, Hadiya Zone, South Nation Nationalities People Region. International Journal of Science and Research, 5:100-110.
Adem, M. and Tesafa, F. (2020). Intensity of income diversification among small-holder farmers in Asayita Woreda, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8:1-15.
Agyeman, B. A. S., Asuming-Brempong, S. and Onumah, E. E. (2014). Determinants of income diversification of farm households in the western region of Ghana. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 53:55-72.
Akinrinde, A. F., Omotesho, K. F. and Ogunlade, I. (2018). The issues of income diversification among rural farming households: Empirical evidence from Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 3:231-238.
Davis, J. (2001). Conceptual issues in analysing the rural non-farm economy in transition economies, Chatham, Natural Resources Institute.
Davis, J. R. and Bezemer, D. (2004). The development of the rural non-farm economy in developing countries and transition economies: Key emerging and conceptual issues, Kent, Natural Resources Institute.
Ersado, L. (2006). Income diversification in Zimbabwe: Welfare implications from urban and rural areas. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8389
Etea, B. G., Zhou, D., Abebe, K. A. and Sedebo, D. A. (2020). Is income diversification a means of survival or accumulation? Evidence from rural and semi-urban households in Ethiopia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22:5751-5769.
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. and Reardon, T. (2002). Strategies for stimulating poverty-alleviating growth in the rural non-farm economy in developing countries, Washington, D.C., The World Bank.
Kingnetr, N. and Maneechak, N. (2019). Occupational inequality in Thailand: A case study of agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/EconomicConditions/AAA/Inequality_4GiniCoefficient.PDF
Loison, S. A. and Bignebat, C. (2017). Patterns and determinants of household income diversification in rural Senegal and Kenya. Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International Development, 8:93-126.
Maniriho, A. and Nilsson, P. (2018). Determinants of livelihood diversification among Rwandan households: The role of education and ICT and urbanization, Jonkoping, Jonkoping International Business School.
Mishra, A. K., Erickson, K., Harris, M., Hallahan, C. and Uematsu, H. (2010). Determinants of farm household income diversification in the United States: Evidence from farm-level data. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/aaea10/61632.html
National Statistical Office. (2022). The 2021 household socioeconomic survey (Whole Kingdom), Bangkok, Text and Journal Publication.
Reardon, T., Berdegue, J., Barrett, C. B. and Stamoulis, K. (2006). Household income diversification into rural non-farm activities. In: Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. and Reardon, T, eds. Transforming the rural non-farm economy, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp.1-33.
Saha, B. and Bahal, R. (2010). Livelihood diversification pursued by farmers in West Bengal. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 10:250-264.
Wan, J., Li, R., Wang, W., Liu, Z. and Chen, B. (2016). Income diversification: A strategy for rural region risk management. Sustainability. 8:1-12.
