Salmonella in free-range chickens: pathology of subclinical persistent infection
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Testing of apparently healthy free-range chickens revealed the detection of Salmonella in 2.11% (5/237) and 8.04% (16/199) of the samples by culture method and PCR, respectively, with an overall detection rate of 8.86% (21/237). Primary histopathological lesions consistent with Salmonella infection were observed in the liver and spleen at Days 10 through 150 and in the intestines at Days 120 through 150. Sinusoidal congestion (83.3%) and lymphoid hyperplasia (66.7%) were the most predominant lesions in the spleen persisting from Day 10 until Day 150. Cloudy swelling (40%) with cytoplasmic granulation and typhoid nodules (26.7%) were observed in the liver beginning Day 10. Cecal tonsil activation was observed at Day 10, while structural changes and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosa were the significant histopathological changes in the intestines throughout Day 150. Salmonella is a silent threat to public health in subclinical infections. Active surveillance and monitoring of this pathogen should be carried out continuously to improve detection and diagnosis. Sustainable mitigating strategies should be designed for free-range poultry to control Salmonella and achieve food security and safety.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Bharadwaj S., Anim J. T., Ebrahim F. and Aldahham A. (2009). Granulomatous inflammatory response in a case of typhoid fever. Medical Principles and Practice,18:239-241.
Chart, H. (1995). Detection of antibody responses to infection with Salmonella. Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy of Infectious Disease, 7:34-39.
Craven, S. E., Stern, N. J., Line, E., Bailey, J. S., Cox, N. A. and Fedorka-Cray, P. (2000). Determination of the incidence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium perfringens in wild birds near broiler chicken houses by sampling intestinal droppings. Avian Diseases, 44:715-720.
Dhillon, A. S., Shivaprasad, H. L., Roy, P., Alisantosa, B., Schaberg, D., Bandli, D. and Johnson, S. (2001). Pathogenicity of environmental origin Salmonellas in specific pathogen-free chicks. Poultry Science, 80:1323-1328.
Freitas Neto, O. C., Arroyave, W., Alessi, A. C., Fagliari, J. J. and Berchieri, A. (2007). Infection of commercial laying hens with Salmonella Gallinarum: Clinical, anatomopathological and haematological studies. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 9:133-141.
Gabriel, I., Lessire, M., Mallet, S. and Guillot, J. (2006). Microflora of the digestive tract: Critical factors and consequences for poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 62:499-511.
Gast, R. K. and Beard, C.W. (1992). Evaluation of a chick mortality model for predicting the consequences of Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens. Poultry Science, 71:281-287.
Gupta, S., Jindal, N., Khokar, R. S., Asrani, R. K., Ledoux, D. R. and Rottinghaus, G. E. (2008). Individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum infection on pathological changes in broiler chickens. Avian Pathology, 37:265-272.
Henderson, C., Bounous, I. and Lee, D. (1999). Early events in the pathogenesis of avian salmonellosis. Infection and Immunity, 67:3580-3586.
Hesse, M., Stamma, A., Berndtb, A., Glündera, G. and Webera, R. (2017). Immune response to Salmonella infections in vaccinated and non-vaccinated turkeys. Research in Veterinary Science, 115:165-173.
Hsieh, Y., Lee, K., Poole, T., Runyon, M., Jones, B. and Herrman, T. J. (2014). Detection and isolation of Salmonella spp. in animal feeds from 2007-2011. Journal of Regulatory Science, 2:14-27.
Hu, J., Bumstead, N., Barrow, P., Sebastiani, G., Olien, L., Morgan, K. and Malo, D. (1997). Resistance to salmonellosis in the chicken is linked to NRAMP1 and TNC. Genome Research, 7:693-704.
Jones, B. D., Ghori, N. and Falkow, S. (1994). Salmonella typhimurium initiates murine infection by penetrating and destroying the specialized epithelial M cells of the Peyer's patches. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 180:15-23.
Kranker, S., Alban, L., Boes, J. and Dahl, J. (2003). Longitudinal study of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium infection in three Danish farrow-to-finish swine herds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41:2282-2288.
Kurtz, J. E., Goggins, J. A. and Mclachlan, J. B. (2017). Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system. Immunology Letters, 190:42-50.
Lapuz, R. R. S. P., Tani, H., Sasai, K., Shirota, K., Katoh, H. and Baba, E. (2007). An epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enteritidis contamination in a rat-infested chicken layer farm, an egg processing facility, and liquid egg samples by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 69:649-652.
La Ragione, R., Metcalfe, H. J., Villarreal- Ramos, B. and Werling, D. (2013). Salmonella infections in cattle. In Barrow, P. and Methner, U. eds. Salmonella in domestic animals, 2nd ed. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing, pp.231-232.
Leibana, E., Garci-Migura, L., Clouting, C., Clifton-Hadley, F.A., Breslin, M. and Davies, R. H. (2003). Molecular fingerprinting evidence of the contribution of wildlife vectors in the maintenance of Salmonella Enteritidis infection in layer farms. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94:1024-1029.
Luna, L. G. (1968). Manual of histological staining methods of the Armed Forces, Institute of Pathology, 3rd Edn. New York, USA, McGraw Hill. p.258.
Luo, Y., Yi, W., Yao, W., Zhu, N. and Qin, P. (2018). Characteristic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from gastroenteritis. Journal of Infectious Chemotherapy, 24: 251-255.
Najmin, S., Qayum, M. O., Biswas, P. K., Das, S. and Nath, B. K. (2018). Pathogenic potentials and shedding probability of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky in experimentally infected backyard chicken. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 5:196-203.
Pashazadeh, P., Mokhtarzadeh, A., Hasanzadeh, M., Hejazi, M., Hashemi, M. and Dela Guardia, M. (2017). Nano-materials for use in sensing of Salmonella infections: recent advances. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 87:1050-1064.
Rahn, K., De Grandis, S. A., Clarke, R. C., McEwen, S. A., Galán, J. E., Ginocchio, C., Curtiss, R. and Gyles, C. L. (1992). Amplification of an invA gene sequence of Salmonella typhimurium by polymerase chain reaction as a specific method of detection of Salmonella. Molecular Cell Probes, 6:271-279.
Salcedo, S. P., Noursadeghi, M., Cohen, J. and Holden, D. W. (2001). Intracellular replication of Salmonella typhimurium strains in specific subsets of splenic macrophages in vivo. Cellular Microbiology, 3:587-597.
Tohidi, R., Javanmard, A. and Idris, I. (2018). Immunogenetics applied to control salmonellosis in chicken: A review. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 46:331-339.
Wales, A. D., Carrique-Mas, J. J., Rankin, M., Bell, B., Thind, B. B. and Davies, R. H. (2010). Review of the carriage of zoonotic bacteria by arthropods, with special reference to Salmonella in mites, flies and litter beetles. Zoonoses Public Health, 57:299-314.
Wallig, M. A. and Janovitz, E. B. (2013). Chapter 4 - Morphologic Manifestations of Toxic Cell Injury. In: Wanda M. Haschek WM, Rousseaux CG, Wallig MA eds. Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), USA, Academic Press, pp.77-105.
WHO (2018). Salmonella (non-typhoidal). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)
Wigley, P. (2013). Immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 41:413-417.
Zhang, K., Griffiths, G., Repnik, U. and Hornef, M. (2018). Seeing is understanding: Salmonella’s way to penetrate the intestinal epithelium. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 308:97-106.
Zou, Q., Li, R., Liu, G. and Liu, S. (2016). Genotyping of Salmonella with lineage-specific genes: correlation with serotyping. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 49:134-140.
