Conventional and non-conventional phytochemical extraction of Bambara groundnut: A review
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bambara groundnut (BGN) is a grain legume known for its nutritional value. However, its nutritional and nutraceutical potential associated with its phytochemical content is not fully tapped. This is probably due to the paucity of information on the various non-conventional extraction techniques used to extract the phytochemicals present in the different parts of the BGN. This review collated information on the conventional and non-conventional techniques applied in the extraction of phytochemicals from BGN. Among the techniques are ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), pulse electric field (PEF), subcritical water extraction (SWE), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIP). Interestingly, researchers have regularly applied only UAE to extract phytochemicals from BGN. This could be the reason for the limited identification of some important low-molecular-weight phytochemicals that are in low concentration in BGN. A greater application of these techniques individually or in combination is necessary to promote the extraction of phytochemicals and reveal the potential of BGN.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abubakar, A. R. and Haque, M. (2020). Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 12:1-10. [pmid:32801594].
Acosta-Estrada, B. A., Gutiérrez-Uribe, J. A. and Serna-Saldívar, S. O. (2014). Bound phenolics in foods, a review. Food Chemistry, 152:46-55.
Adebiyi, J. A., Njobeh, P. B., Adebo, O. A. and Kayitesi, E. (2021). Metabolite profile of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) and dawadawa (an African fermented condiment) investigation using gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS). Heliyon, 7.
Adedayo, B. C., Anyasi, T. A., Taylor, M. J., Rautenbauch, F., Le Roes-Hill, M. and Jideani, V. A. (2021). Phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of whole and dehulled Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) seeds. Scientific Reports, 11:14116.
Amarteifio, J. O., Tibe, O. and Njogu, R. M. (2006). The mineral composition of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc) grown in Southern Africa. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5.
Arya, V., Thakur, N. and Kashyap, C. P. (2012). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts of Psidium leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1:01-05.
Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., Mohamed, A., Sahena, F., Jahurul, M. H. A., Ghafoor, K., Norulaini, N. A. N. and Omar, A. K. M. (2013). Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 117:426-436. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260877413000277[ID:. 271146].
Azwanida, N. N. (2015). A review on the extraction methods used in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Medical and Aromat Plants, 4:2167-0412.
Bamshaiye, O. M., Adegbola, J. A. and Bamishaiye, E. I. (2011). Bambara groundnut: an under-utilized nut in Africa. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology, 1:60-72.
Bitwell, C., Sen, I. S., Luke, C. and Kakoma, M. K. (2023). A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. Scientific African, e01585.
Brink, M. and Belay, G. M. (Eds.). (2006). Céréales et légumes secs (Vol. 1). PROTA.
Chandra, K., Nandini, R., Gobu, R., Kumar, C. B. and Muthuraju, R. (2019). Insight into floral biology and ancillary characteristics of underutilized legume-Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]. Legume Research: An International Journal, 42.
Cheng, A., Raai, M. N., Zain, N. A. M., Massawe, F., Singh, A. and Wan-Mohtar, W. A. A. Q. I. (2019). In search of alternative proteins: unlocking the potential of underutilized tropical legumes. Food Security, 11:1205-1215.
Chutoprapat, R., Malilas, W., Rakkaew, R., Udompong, S. and Boonpisuttinant, K. (2020). Collagen biosynthesis stimulation and anti-melanogenesis of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 58:1023-1031.
Cittan, M., Altuntaş, E. and Çelik, A. (2018). Evaluation of antioxidant capacities and phenolic profiles in Tilia cordata fruit extracts: A comparative study to determine the efficiency of traditional hot water infusion method. Industrial Crops and Products, 122:553-558.
Dassoff, E. S. and Li, Y. O. (2019). Mechanisms and effects of ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 extraction. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 86:492-501.
Dhobi, M., Mandal, V. and Hemalatha, S. (2009). Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of bioactive flavonolignan-silybinin. Journal of Chemical Metrology, 3:13.
Dominiak, M., Søndergaard, K. M., Wichmann, J., Vidal-Melgosa, S., Willats, W. G., Meyer, A. S. and Mikkelsen, J. D. (2014). Application of enzymes for efficient extraction, modification, and development of functional properties of lime pectin. Food Hydrocolloids, 40:273-282.
Doughari, J. H. (2012). Phytochemicals: extraction methods, basic structures, and mode of action as potential chemotherapeutic agents (pp. 1-33). Rijeka, Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
El Kantar, S., Boussetta, N., Lebovka, N., Foucart, F., Rajha, H. N., Maroun, R. G. and Vorobiev, E. (2018). Pulsed electric field treatment of citrus fruits: Improvement of juice and polyphenols extraction. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 46:153-161.
Fakhru-Nisa, T. T., Ashfaq, M., Shahzad, M. I., Bukhari, S. T., Katsayal, B. S., Sallau, A. B. and Garba, A. (2019). Recent Approaches in the Extraction of Citrus Metabolites. Current Biotechnology, 8:85-95.
Fan, D., Li, H., Shi, S. and Chen, X. (2016). Hollow molecular imprinted polymers towards rapid, effective, and selective extraction of caffeic acid from fruits. Journal of Chromatography A, 1470:27-32.
Ferreira, P. S., Victorelli, F. D., Fonseca-Santos, B. and Chorilli, M. (2019). A review of analytical methods for p-coumaric acid in plant-based products, beverages, and biological matrices. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 49:21-31.
Gao, D., Wang, D. D., Zhang, Q., Yang, F. Q., Xia, Z. N., Zhang, Q. H. and Yuan, C. S. (2017). In vivo selective capture and rapid identification of luteolin and its metabolites in rat livers by molecularly imprinted solid phase microextraction. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65:1158-1166.
Gao, D., Yang, F., Xia, Z. and Zhang, Q. (2016). Molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective extraction of luteolin from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Journal of Separation Science, 39:3002-3010.
Gbashi, S., Adebo, O. A., Piater, L., Madala, N. E. and Njobeh, P. B. (2017). Subcritical water extraction of biological materials. Separation & Purification Reviews, 46:21-34.
Ghanem, C., Taillandier, P., Rizk, Z., Nehme, N., Souchard, J. P. and El Rayess, Y. (2019). Evolution of polyphenols during syrah grapes maceration: time versus temperature effect. Molecules, 24:2845.
Halimi, R. A., Barkla, B. J., Mayes, S. and King, G. J. (2019). The potential of the underutilized pulse bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for nutritional food security. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 77:47-59.
Handa, S. S. (2008). An overview of extraction techniques for medicinal and aromatic plants. Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1:21-40.
Harris, T., Jideani, V. and Le Roes-Hill, M. (2018). Flavonoids and tannin composition of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Heliyon, 4.
Hillocks, R. J., Bennett, C. and Mponda, O. M. (2012). Bambara nut: A review of utilisation, market potential and crop improvement. African Crop Science Journal, 20.
Ibraheem, O., Falodun, A. E., Akinyelu, J., Ogundipe, O. M., Ibikunle, P. D., Ezema, M. D. and Ajayi, J. M. (2023). NaHCO3 treatment potentiates the nutritional qualities and androgenic capabilities of bambara (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc) groundnut seeds. Food Chemistry Advances, 2:100279.
Jaeger, H., Schulz, M., Lu, P. and Knorr, D. (2012). Adjustment of milling, mash electroporation and pressing for the development of a PEF assisted juice production in industrial scale. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 14:46-60.
Jiang, T., Ghosh, R. and Charcosset, C. (2021). Extraction, purification and applications of curcumin from plant materials-A comprehensive review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 112:419-430.
Karunaratne, A. S., Azam-Ali, S. N., Al-Shareef, I., Sesay, A., Jørgensen, S. T. and Crout, N. M. J. (2010). Modelling the canopy development of bambara groundnut. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150:1007-1015.
Khan, M. M. H., Rafii, M. Y., Ramlee, S. I., Jusoh, M. and Al-Mamun, M. (2021). Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc): A crop for the new millennium, its genetic diversity, and improvements to mitigate future food and nutritional challenges. Sustainability, 13:5530.
Klompong, V. and Benjakul, S. (2015). Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of the extracts from the seed coat of Bambara groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea). RSC advances, 5:9973-9985.
Koné, M., Paice, A. G. and Touré, Y. (2011). Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabaceae)] usage in human health. In Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, Academic Press, pp.189-196.
Kumoro, A. C. and Hartati, I. (2015). Microwave assisted extraction of dioscorin from gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) tuber flour. Procedia Chemistry, 14:47-55.
Liew, S. Q., Ngoh, G. C., Yusoff, R. and Teoh, W. H. (2016). Sequential ultrasound-microwave assisted acid extraction (UMAE) of pectin from pomelo peels. International journal of biological macromolecules, 93:426-435.
Liew, S. Q., Teoh, W. H., Tan, C. K., Yusoff, R. and Ngoh, G. C. (2018). Subcritical water extraction of low methoxyl pectin from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peels. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 116:128-135.
Liu, Z., Qiao, L., Gu, H., Yang, F. and Yang, L. (2017). Development of Brönsted acidic ionic liquid-based microwave assisted method for simultaneous extraction of pectin and naringin from pomelo peels. Separation and Purification Technology, 172:326-337.
Lourenço, S. C., Moldão-Martins, M. and Alves, V. D. (2019). Antioxidants of natural plant origins: From sources to food industry applications. Molecules, 24:4132.
Mabhaudhi, T., Modi, A. T. and Beletse, Y. G. (2013). Growth, phenological and yield responses of a bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) landrace to imposed water stress: II. Rain shelter conditions. Water Sa, 39:191-198.
Macías-Sánchez, M. D., Fernandez-Sevilla, J. M., Fernández, F. A., García, M. C. and Grima, E. M. (2010). Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids from Scenedesmus almeriensis. Food Chemistry, 123:928-935.
Mahala, A. G. and Mohammed, A. A. A. (2010). Nutritive evaluation of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) pods, seeds, and hull as animal feeds. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6:383-6.
Majola, N. G., Gerrano, A. S. and Shimelis, H. (2021). Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) Production, Utilisation and Genetic Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomy, 11:1345.
Martínez-Patiño, J. C., Gullón, B., Romero, I., Ruiz, E., Brnčić, M., Žlabur, J. Š. and Castro, E. (2019). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of biomass from olive trees using response surface methodology. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 51:487-495.
Mayes, S., Basu, S. M., Molosiwa, O., Redjeki, E. S., Ahmad, N. S., Khan, F. and Azam-Ali, S. (2013). Molecular analysis of Bambara groundnut, an underutilised African legume crop as part of the BAMLINK project—What lessons can we learn. Acta Horticulturae, 979:451-458.
Mbagwu, F. N., Okafor, V. U. and Ekeanyanwu, J. (2011). Phytochemical screening on four edible legumes (Vigna subterranea, Glycine max, Arachis hypogea and Vigna unguiculata) found in Eastern Nigeria. African Journal of Plant Science, 5:370-372.
Melini, V. and Melini, F. (2021). Functional components and anti-nutritional factors in gluten-free grains: A focus on quinoa seeds. Foods, 10:351.
Methacanon, P., Krongsin, J. and Gamonpilas, C. (2014). Pomelo (Citrus maxima) pectin: Effects of extraction parameters and its properties. Food Hydrocolloids, 35:383-391.
Miranda, L. F. C., Domingues, D. S. and Queiroz, M. E. C. (2016). Selective solid-phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymers for analysis of venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, and N-desmethylvenlafaxine in plasma samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1458:46-53.
Mkandawire, C. H. (2007). Review of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) production in Sub-Sahara Africa. Agricultural Journal, 2:464-470.
Mohammed, M. S., Shimelis, H. A. and Laing, M. D. (2020). Preliminary morphological characterization and evaluation of selected Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] genotypes for yield and yield related traits. Legume Research-an International Journal, 43:157-164.
Mohan, V. R., Tresina, P. S. and Daffodil, E. D. (2016). Antinutritional factors in legume seeds: characteristics and determination. Encyclopedia of Food and Health VOLUME? 211-220.
Mubaiwa, J., Fogliano, V., Chidewe, C. and Linnemann, A. R. (2019). Influence of alkaline salt cooking on solubilisation of phenolic compounds of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in relation to cooking time reduction. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 107:49-55.
Muhammad, I., Rafii, M. Y., Ramlee, S. I., Nazli, M. H., Harun, A. R., Oladosu, Y. and Arolu, I. W. (2020). Exploration of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), an underutilized crop, to aid global food security: Varietal improvement, genetic diversity, and processing. Agronomy, 10:766.
Murevanhema, Y. Y. and Jideani, V. A. (2013). Potential of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) milk as a probiotic beverage—a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53:954-967.
Nayak, B., Dahmoune, F., Moussi, K., Remini, H., Dairi, S., Aoun, O. and Khodir, M. (2015). Comparison of microwave, ultrasound, and accelerated-assisted solvent extraction for recovery of polyphenols from Citrus sinensis peels. Food Chemistry, 187:507-516.
Nyau, V., Prakash, S., Rodrigues, J. and Farrant, J. (2015a). Antioxidant activities of Bambara groundnuts as assessed by FRAP and DPPH assays. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 3:7-11.
Nyau, V., Prakash, S., Rodrigues, J. and Farrant, J. (2015b). Identification of nutraceutical phenolic compounds in Bambara groundnuts (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 6:77-85.
Nyau, V., Prakash, S., Rodrigues, J. and Farrant, J. (2017a). Domestic cooking effects of bambara groundnuts and common beans in the antioxidant properties and polyphenol profiles. Journal of Food Research, 6:10-5539.
Nyau, V., Prakash, S., Rodrigues, J. and Farrant, J. (2017b). Profiling of phenolic compounds in sprouted common beans and Bambara groundnuts. Journal of Food Research, 6:74-82.
Okafor, J. N., Meyer, M., Le Roes-Hill, M. and Jideani, V. A. (2022). Flavonoid and phenolic acid profiles of dehulled and whole Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc seeds commonly consumed in South Africa. Molecules, 27:5265.
Okafor, J. N., Rautenbauch, F., Meyer, M., Le Roes-Hill, M., Harris, T. and Jideani, V. A. (2021). Phenolic content, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of fractions of Vigna subterraenea (L.) Verdc from Mpumalanga, South Africa. Heliyon, 7.
Olanipekun, O. T., Omenna, E. C., Adeniyi, G. A. and Adedeji, F. T. (2019). Effect of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) consumption on biomarkers of oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Research Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 4:65-72.
Picart L, Cheftel JC. (2003). Pulsed electric fields. In: Zeuthen P, Bogh-Sorensen L, editors. Food preservation techniques. Fla.: CRC Press. pp.57-68.
Prusty, J.S. 2022. Antifungal discovery from plant sources. In: Awanish K. Editor. Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Phytoconstituents and Antifungals, Academic Press, pp.15-33.
Pushpangadan, P. and George, V. 2012. 4 - Basil. In Peter K.V. Editor. Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition) Woodhead Publishing, 55-72. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857090393500049.
Ramić, M., Vidović, S., Zeković, Z., Vladić, J., Cvejin, A. and Pavlić, B. (2015). Modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Aronia melanocarpa by-products from filter-tea factory. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 23:360-368.
Ramli, N. H., Yusup, S., Quitain, A. T., Johari, K. and Kueh, B. W. B. (2019). Optimization of saponin extracts using microwave-assisted extraction as a sustainable biopesticide to reduce Pomacea canaliculata population in paddy cultivation. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 11:23-35.
Rasul, M. G. (2018). Conventional extraction methods use in medicinal plants, their advantages and disadvantages. International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing 2:10-14.
Rauf, A., Imran, M., Abu-Izneid, T., Patel, S., Pan, X., Naz, S. and Suleria, H. A. R. (2019). Proanthocyanidins: A comprehensive review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 116:108999.
Sasidharan, S., Chen, Y., Saravanan, D., Sundram, K. M. and Latha, L. Y. (2011). Extraction, isolation, and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines, 8.
Schwarz, N. A., Blahnik, Z. J., Prahadeeswaran, S., McKinley-Barnard, S. K., Holden, S. L. and Waldhelm, A. (2018). (–)-Epicatechin supplementation inhibits aerobic adaptations to cycling exercise in humans. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5:132.
Seidel, V. (2006). Initial And Bulk Extraction, Methods In: Biotechnology. Vol. 20, Natural Products Isolation.
Setyaningsih, W., Saputro, I. E., Carrera, C. A., and Palma, M. (2019). Optimisation of an ultrasound-assisted extraction method for the simultaneous determination of phenolics in rice grains. Food Chemistry, 288:221-227.
Sharayei, P., Azarpazhooh, E., Zomorodi, S. and Ramaswamy, H. S. (2019). Ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel. Lwt - Food Science and Technology, 101:342-350.
Sheldon, R. A. and van Pelt, S. (2013). Enzyme immobilisation in biocatalysis: why, what, and how. Chemical Society Reviews, 42:6223-6235.
Tan, X. L., Azam-Ali, S., Goh, E. V., Mustafa, M., Chai, H. H., Ho, W. K. and Massawe, F. (2020). Bambara groundnut: An underutilized leguminous crop for global food security and nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7:601496.
Temegne, N. C., Foh, T. D., Taffouo, V. D., Wakem, G. A. and Youmbi, E. (2018). Effect of mycorrhization and soluble phosphate on growth and phosphorus supply of Voandzou [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]. Legume Research-An International Journal, 41:879-884.
Tiwari, B. K., Brunton, N. P. and Brennan, C. S. (2013). Plant food phytochemicals. Handbook of Plant Food Phytochemicals: Sources, Stability and Extraction, 1-4.
Udeh, E. L., Nyila, M. A. and Kanu, S. A. (2020). Nutraceutical and antimicrobial potentials of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea): A review. Heliyon, 6.
Unigwe, A. E., Doria, E., Adebola, P., Gerrano, A. S. and Pillay, M. (2018). Anti-nutrient analysis of 30 Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) accessions in South Africa. Journal of Crop Improvement, 32:208-224.
Verep, D., Ateş, S. and Karaoğul, E. 2023. A Review of Extraction Methods for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds in Plant-Based Raw Materials. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 25:492-513.
Vernes, L., Abert-Vian, M., El Maâtaoui, M., Tao, Y., Bornard, I. and Chemat, F. (2019). Application of ultrasound for green extraction of proteins from Spirulina. Mechanism, optimization, modeling, and industrial prospects. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 54:48-60.
Vladic, J., Nastic, N., Stanojkovic, T., Zizak, Z., Cakarevic, J., Popovic, L. and Vidovic, S. (2019). Subcritical Water for Recovery of Polyphenols from Comfrey Root and Biological Activities of Extracts. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 66.
Wang, L. and Weller, C. L. (2006). Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17:300-312.
Wang, L., Boussetta, N., Lebovka, N. and Vorobiev, E. (2018a). Selectivity of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of valuable compounds from flesh and peel of apple tissues. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 93:516.
Wang, D. D., Gao, D., Xu, W. J., Li, F., Yin, M. N., Fu, Q. F. and Xia, Z. N. (2018b). Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective extraction of hesperetin from the dried pericarp of Citrus reticulata Blanco. Talanta, 184:307-315.
Xing, C., Qin, C., Li, X., Zhang, F., Linhardt, R. J., Sun, P. and Zhang, A. (2019). Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil isolated by HS-SPME and UAHD from fruits of bergamot. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 104:38-44.
Yin, Y., Yan, L., Zhang, Z. and Wang, J. (2015). Magnetic molecularly imprinted polydopamine nanolayer on multiwalled carbon nanotubes surface for protein capture. Talanta, 144:671-679.
Yuan, X., You, F., Yong, L., Yang, C., Zhu, L., Hu, B. and Liu, T. (2019). Rapid determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2. 5 by microwave assisted extraction-high performance liquid chromatography. Microchemical Journal, 144:391-396.
