Phytogenic feed additives for improving feed efficiency and lowering ruminants’ enteric methane emission on palm oil sludge feed: in vitro study
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Abstract
Result indicated that replacing non-fermented palm oil sludge (POS) with fermented POS as a basal feed led to better in vitro dry matter digestibility and lower enteric methane emissions. Adding phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) -- containing a mixture of Melastoma malabathricum (MM), Carica papaya (CP), Curcuma longa (CL), and Curcuma zanthoriza (CZ) -- resulted in the highest digestibility and total VFA concentration but also high methane output; whereas PFAs containing MM and CP produced the least methane, though with a slight decrease in digestibility. Acetate-to-propionate ratios remained within a favourable range (2.19–2.70), indicating efficient rumen fermentation. These results support using fermented POS and locally sourced PFAs within the oil palm-cattle integration systems (SISKA) framework to improve feed efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants.
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