Effect of feeding system on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and economic return in Brahman crossbred cattle
Main Article Content
Abstract
The results indicated that the different feeding systems for three groups of Brahman crossbred cattle, such as a separated feeding group I followed by dried concentrate, SF-RDC, a separated feeding group II, followed by wet concentrate, SF-RWC and a FTMR-R group, which was not significantly showed the impact on animal body weight (including weight gain and average daily gain) and feed conversion ratio of all groups in the overall period. However, the SF-RDC group had the highest feed cost per gain (P<0.05). The dry matter intake, measured in grams per kilogram of metabolic body weight, which was significantly higher in the FTMR-R group than in the other treatment groups. In contrast, the nutrient intake and digestibility in the cattle was not significantly differed among the groups. In the SF-RWC and FTMR-R groups, the net profit (%) was higher than in the SF-RDC group. It concluded that separate feeding of rice straw and dried concentrate may not be practical as it decreased the net profit percentage.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Ahn, J. H., Choi, J. H. and Nam, I. S. (2021). Effects of Feeding Total Mixed Ration in the Growing and Fattening Periods on the Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo Steers. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 37:2249-2258.
AOAC (1995). Official Method of Analysis, 16th ed. Animal Feeds: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, VA, USA. assessment of nutrient quality of feed: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technolgy, 72:261-281.
ARC (1980). The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. Technical Review by an Agricultural Research Council Working Party, Common wealth Agricultural Bureau, Farnham 313 Royal, UK Press.
Avilés, C., Martínez, A. L., Domenech, V. and Peña, F. (2015). Effect of feeding system and breed on growth performance, and carcass and meat quality traits in two continental beef breeds. Meat Science, 107:94-103.
Cao, Y., Takahashi, T. and Horiguchi, K. (2009). Effects of addition of food by-products on the fermentation quality of a total mixed ration with whole crop rice and its digestibility, preference, and rumen fermentation in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 151:1-11.
Cardenas-Medina, J. V., Ku-Vera, J. C. and Magana-Monforte, J. G. (2010). Estimation of metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and energetic efficiency of weight gain in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows in tropical Mexico. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9:521-528.
Chaokaur, A., Nishida, T., Phaowphaisal, I. and Sommart, K. (2015). Effects of feeding level on methane emissions and energy utilization of Brahman cattle in the tropics. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 199:225-230.
Cooke, D. W. I., Monahan, F. J., Brophy, P. O. and Boland, M. P. (2004). Comparison of concentrates or concentrates plus forages in a total mixed ration or discrete ingredient format: effects on beef production parameters and on beef composition, colour, texture and fatty acid profile. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 43:201-216.
Duangchan, P., Kiriya, W., Sehawong, W. and Subepang, S. (2022). Effect of cassava leaf pellet supplementation on growth performance of Brahman crossbred cattlefed rice straw as basal diet. Khon Kaen Agriculrure Journal, 50:1-7.
Holter, J. B., Urban, W. E., Hayes, H. H. and Davis, H. A. (1977). Utilization of Diet Components Fed Blended or Separately to Lactating Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 60:1288-1293.
Karunanayaka, R. H. W. M., Liyanage, R. T. P., Nayananjalie, W. A. D., Kumari, M. A. A. P., Somasiri, S. C., Adikari, A. M. J. B. and Weerasingha, W. V. V. R. (2021). Feeding Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on Production and Reproductive Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows: A Review. Agricultural Reviews, 43:29-37.
Kongphitee, K., Sommart, K., Phonbumrung, T., Gunha, T. and Suzuki, T. (2018). Feed intake, digestibility and energy partitioning in beef cattle fed diets with cassava pulp instead of rice straw. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 31:1431-1441.
Lee, S., Lee, S. M., Lee, J. and Kim, E. J. (2021). Feeding strategies with total mixed ration and concentrate may improve feed intake and carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 63:1086-1097.
Li, D., Lee, S., Choi, N. J., Lee, S.-Y., Sung, H. G., Ko, J., Yun, S. G. and Ha, J. K. (2003). Effects of Feeding System on Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Nutrient Digestibility in Holstein Steers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 16:1482-1486.
Liu, Y. F., Sun, F. F., Wan, F. C., Zhao, H. B., Liu, X. M., You, W., Cheng, H. J., Liu, G. F., Tan, X. W. and Song, E. L. (2016). Effects of Three Feeding Systems on Production Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Rumen Digesta Particle Structure of Beef Cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 29:659-665.
Meenongyai, W., Pattarajinda, V., Stelzleni, A. M., Sethakul, J. and Duangjinda, M. (2017). Effects of forage ensiling and ration fermentation on total mixed ration pH, ruminal fermentation and performance of growing Holstein-Zebu cross steers. Animal Science Journal, 88:1372-1379.
Mohammad, M., Gorgulu, M. and Goncu, S. (2017). The Effects of Total Mixed Ration and Separate Feeding on Lactational Performance of Dairy Cows. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, 5:1-7.
Moya, D., Mazzenga, A., Holtshausen, L., Cozzi, G., González, L. A., Calsamiglia, S., Gibb, D. G., McAllister, T. A., Beauchemin, K. A. and Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. (2011). Feeding behavior and ruminal acidosis in beef cattle offered a total mixed ration or dietary components separately. Journal of Animal Science, 89:520-530.
Nishino, N., Harada, H. and Sakaguchi, E. (2003). Evaluation of fermentation and aerobic stability of wet brewers’ grains ensiled alone or in combination with various feeds as a total mixed ration. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83:557-563.
NRC (2001). Subcommittee on beef cattle nutrition. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 7th rev. ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.
SAS (1998). User’s Guide: Statistic, Version 6, 12th ed. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Sinclair, K. D., Thomas, S., MacDearmid, A. and Nemie, G. (1989). Effect of complete diets or separate feeding of long straw and concentrates on the performance of beef cattle. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972). 1989:128-128.
Somboonchai, T., Foiklang, S., Panatuk, J., Cherdthong, A., Laorodphan, N., Wanapat, M., Yammuen-Art, S. and Kang, S. (2022). Replacement of soybean meal by red yeast fermented tofu waste on feed intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in Thai Brahman crossbred beef cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 54:1-10.
Subepang, S., Suzuki, T., Phonbumrung, T. and Sommart, K. (2019). Enteric methane emissions, energy partitioning, and energetic efficiency of zebu beef cattle fed total mixed ration silage. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 32:548-555.
Van Keulen, J. and Young, B. A. (1997). Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as natural marker in rumiminant digestibility. Journal of Animal Science, 44:262-266.
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74:3583-3597.
Wang, L., Jin, S., Wang, P., Li, X., Liu, C., Sun, S., Zhang, G., Chang, J., Yin, Q., Zhang, H. and Zhu, Q. (2024). Fermented total mixed ration enhances nutrient digestibility and modulates the milk components and fecal microbial community in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11:1-13.
Wongnen, C., Wachirapakorn, C., Patipan, C., Panpong, D., Kongweha, K., Namsaen, N., Gunun, P. and Yuangklang, C. (2009). Effects of Fermented Total Mixed Ration and Cracked Cottonseed on Milk Yield and Milk Composition in Dairy Cows. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 22:1625-1632.
WTSR (2010). Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle in Indochinese Peninsula. Klungnanavitthaya Press, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Yuangklang, C., Wasupen, K., Wittayakun, S., Sukho, C. and Srinanaun, P. (2004). Effects of fermented total mixed ration on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in dairy cows. New Dimensions and Challenges for Sustainable Livestock Farming: Proceedings of the 11th Animal Science Congress: The Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies. 11th Animal Science Congress: The Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) - 5-9 Sep, 2004.