Evaluation of carbendazim resistance levels of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold of grape in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases of grape and causes significant yield losses. Eighty-two isolates of B.cinerea causing gray mold disease in grape berries and strawberries were collected from markets and orchards in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. The carbendazim resistance of B. cinerea was evaluated according to inhibition of mycelia growth in PDA plates amended with different concentrations of the fungicide. All B. cinerea isolates were classified as highly resistant (HR) to carbendazim. In further studies, analysis of the β-tubulin gene sequence revealed amino acid replacements in the HR mutants compared to the wild-type strain. The result indicated that two benzimidazole resistance mutations occurred at codon 198. The first one was, a glutamic acid (GAG) to alanine (GCG) replacement, (E198A). The second mutation was, a glutamic acid (GAG) to valine (GTG) replacement at the same amino acid position, (E198V). Both mutations resulted in high resistance to carbendazim.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Altertini, C., Gredt, M. and Leroux, P. (1999). Mutations of the β-tubulin gene associated with different phenotypes of benzimidazole resistance in the cereal eyespot fungi Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 64:17-31.
Beever, R. E., Laracy, E. P. and Pak, H. A. (1989). Strains of Botrytis cinerea resistant to dicarboximide and benzimidazole fungicides in New Zealand vineyards. Plant Pathology 38:427-437.
Bentino, P. E., Have, A., van’t Klooster, W. J. and van Kan, A. L. J. (1998). Fungal and plant gene expression during synchronized infection of tomato leaves by Botrytis cinerea. European Journal of Plant Pathology 104:207-220.
Bollen, G. J. and Scholten, G. (1971). Acquired resistance to benomyl and some other systemic fungicides in a strain of Botrytis cinerea in cyclamen. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 77:83-90.
Damicone, J. and D. Smith. (2009). Fungicide resistance management. (On-line). Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets. Retrieved from http://pods/dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/ dsweb/Get/Document-2317/F-7663web.pdf.
Davidse, L. C. and Ishii, H. (1995). Biochemical and molecular aspects of the mechanisms of action of benzimidazoles, N-phenylcarbamates and N-phenylformamidoximes and the mechanisims of resistance to these compounds in fungi. In: Lyr H (ed.) Modern Selective Fungicides. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Jena, Germany. pp. 305-322.
Davidson, R. M., Hanson, L. E., Franc, G. D. and Panella, L. (2006). Analysis of β-tubulin gene fragments from benzimidazole-sensitive and tolerant Cercospora beticola. Journal of Phytopathology 154:321-328.
Elad, Y., Williamson, Tudzynski P. and Delen N. (2007). Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrech, The Natherlands. 403 pp.
Fujimura, M., Kmakura, T., Inoue, S. and Yamaguchi, I. (1992). Sensitivity of Neurospora crassa to benzimidazoles and N-phenylcarbamates: effect of amino acid substitutions at position 198 in β tubulin. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 44:165-167.
Genescope. (2002). Botrytis cinerea Estimated losses to vineyards in France. (Annual Report, UIPP, 2002).
Jarvis, W. R. (1980). Epidemiology. Pages 219-250 in: The Biology of Botrytis. J. R. Coley-Smith, K. Verhoeff, and W. R. Jarvis, eds. Academic Press, New York.
Jung, M. K., Wilder, I. B. and Oakley, B. R. (1992). Amino acid alterations in the benA (Beta-tubulin) gene of Aspergillus nidulans that confer benomyl resistance. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 22:170-174.
Koenraadt, H., Somerville, S. C. and Jones, A. L. (1992). Characterization of mutations in the beta-tubulin gene of benomyl-resistant field strains of Venturia inaequalis and other plant pathogenic fungi. Phytopathology 82:1348-1354.
Leroux, P. and Clerjeau, M. (1985). Resistance of Botrytis cinerea and Plasmopara viticola to fungicides in French vineyards. Crop Protection 4:137-160.
Leroux, P., Fritz, R., Debieu, D., Albertini, C., Lanen, C., Bach, J., Gredt, M. and Chapeland, F. (2002). Mechanisms of resistance to fungicides in field strains of Botrytis cinerea. Pest Management Science 58:876-888.
Ma, Z. H., Yoshimura, M. A. and Michailides, T. J. (2003). Identificantion and characterization of benzimidazole resistance in Monilinia fructicola from stone fruit orchards in California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69:7145-7152.
Ma, Z., and Michailides, T. J. (2005). Advances in understanding molecular mechanisms of fungicide resistance and molecular detection of resistant genotypes in phytopathogenic fungi. Crop Protection 24:853-863.
Maymon, M., Zveibil, A., Pivonia, S., Minz, D. and Freeman, S. (2006). Identification and characterization of benomyl-resistant and sensitive populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Statice (Limonium spp.). Phytopathology 96:542-548.
McClellan, W. D. and Hewitt, W. B. (1973). Early Botrytis rot of grapes: Time of infection and latency of Botrytis cinerea Pers. in Vitis vinifera L. Phytopathology 63:1151-1157.
McKay, G., Egan, J. D., Morris, E. and Brown, A. E. (1998). Identification of benzimidazole resistance in Cladobotryum dendroides using a PCR-based method. Mycological Research 102:671-676.
Nair, N.G., Guilbaud-Oulton, S., Barchia, I. and Emmett, R. (1995). Significance of carryover inoculum, flower infection and latency on the incidence of Botrytis cinerea in berries of grapevines at harvest in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35:1177-1180.
Orbach, M. J., Porro, E. B. and Yanofsky, C. (1986). Cloning and characterization of the gene for beta-tubulin from a benomyl-resistant mutant of Neurospora crassa and its use as a dominant selectable marker. Molecular and Cellular Biology 6:2452-2461.
Park, S. Y., Jungt, J. O., Chung, Y. R. and Lee, W. C. (1996). Isolation and Characterization of a Benomyl-resistant Form of ß-Tubulin-encoding Gene from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana. Molecular Cells 7:104-109.
Peres, A. R. N., Souza, N. L., Peever, T. L. and Timmer, L. W. (2004). Benomyl sensitivity of Isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides from citrus. Plant Disease 88:125-130.
Pezet, R. and Pont, V. (1986). Infection florale et latence de Botrytis cinerea dans les grappes de Vitis vinifera (var. Gamay). Revue Suisse Viticulture Arboriculture Horticulture
:317-322.
Sholberg, P. L., Harlton, C., Haag, P., Lëvseque, C. A., Gorman, D. O. and Seifert, K. (2005). Benzimidazole and diphenylamine sensitivity and identity of Penicillium spp. that cause postharvest blue mold of apples using β-tubulin gene sequences. Postharvest Biology Technology 36:41-49.
Smith, C. M. (1988). History of benzimidazole use and resistance. In: Delp CJ (ed.) Fungicide Resistance in North America. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. pp. 23-24.
Stehmann, C. and de Waard, M. A. (1996). Sensitivity of populations of Botrytis cinerea to triazoles, benomyl, and vinclozolin. European Journal of Plant Pathology 102:171-180.
Vivier, M. A. and Pretorious, I. S. (2002). Genetically tailored grapevines for the wine industry. Trends in Biotechnology 20:472-478.
Yarden, O. and Katan, T. (1993). Mutations leading to substitutions at amino acids 198 and 200 of beta-tubulin that correlate with benomyl resistance phenotypes of field strains of Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology 83:1478-1483.
Yourman, L. F. and Jeffers, S. N. (1999). Resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides in greenhouse isolates of Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease. 83:569-575.
Zhang, Q. C., Liu, H. Y. and Zhu, N. G. (2010). Detection and characterization of benzimidazole resistance of Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables. European Journal Plant Pathology 126:509-515.
Ziogas, N. B., Nikou, D., Markoglou, N. A., Malandrakis, A. A. and Vontas, J. (2009). Identification of a novel point mutation in the β-tubulin gene of Botrytis cinerea and detection of benzimidazole resistance by a diagnostic PCR-RFLP assay. European Journal Plant Pathology 125:97-107.