In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of endophytic fungal extracts from selected rice plant pathogens.
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fungal endophytes are considered as natural bioactive reservoir that could be used as agents for antifungal activity. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link an invasive rice weed compete with plant resources but houses several essential endophytes. However, a notable gap exists since few to none were conducted regarding the use of fungal extracts isolated from the weed E. colonum. Thus, evaluation of fungal endophytes from weeds needs to be established that may lead to development of biocontrol agent against fungal pathogens. Therefore, extracts from endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of E. colonum were evaluated its antifungal activity against rice plant pathogens such as Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Aspergillus oryzae, Curvularia umbiliciformis, Curvularia chiangmaiensis, and Bipolaris panici-miliacei were successfully isolated from the leaves of E. colonum and were identified based on cultural, morphological and molecular data. Additionally, using morphological and cultural techniques, Aspergillus sp. was also identified as another endophyte. Identified fungi were fermented using solid state fermentation to obtain fungal extracts. The 50µL of endophytic fungal extracts were used and exhibited varying antifungal activities in the agar well diffusion method. Extracts from Aspergillus sp., and B. panici-miliacei showed absence to weak antifungal activity against different fungal rice pathogens. While, C. chiangmaiensis extracts showed weak (11.83 ± 0.06 mm) to comparable (30.83 ± 0.40 mm) antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. oxysporum after 48 hours of incubation. Among the four fungal extracts, C. umbiliciformis extracts showed antifungal activity against A. flavus (18.53±0.40 mm), F. oxysporum (11.23±0.15 mm), and R. solani (31.73 ± 1.00 mm), and A. oryzae (36.77 ± 4.89 mm) after 48 hours of observation. Furthermore, statistics revealed that C. umbiliciformis extract showed comparable antifungal activity against R. solani. Therefore, fungal endophytic extracts can be expressed as a good source of antifungal agent against selected rice pathogen.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Alade, G. O., Moody, J. O., Bakare, A., Awotona, O. R., Adesanya, S., Lai, D., Debbab, A. and Proksch, P. (2018). Metabolites from endophytic fungus; Pestalotiopsis clavispora isolated from Phoenix reclinata leaf. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4:273-275.
Araujo, W. L., Marcon, J., Maccheroni, W., van Elsas, J., van Vuurde, J. W. and Lucio, J. (2002). Diversity of endophytic bacterial populations and their interaction with Xylella fastidiosa in citrus plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68:4906-4914.
Behera, H. T., Mojumdar, A., Behera, S. S., Das, S. and Ray, L. (2022). Biocontrol of wilt disease of rice seedlings incited by Fusarium oxysporum through soil application of Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 75:1366-1382.
Buehler, A. J., Evanowski, R. L., Martin, N. H., Boor, K. J. and Weidmann, M. (2017). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing reveals considerable fungal diversity in dairy products. Journal of Dairy Science, 100:8814-8825.
Catambacan, D. G. and Cumagun, C. J. R. (2021). Weed-associated fungal endophytes as biocontrol agents of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 in cavendish banana. Journal of Fungi, 7:224.
Chavez-Quintal, P., Gonzales-Flores, T., Rodriguez-Buenfill, I. and Gallegos-Tintore, S. (2011). Antifungal activity in ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol leaves and seeds. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 51:54-60.
Chaudhary, A., Adhikari, B. B. and Shrestha, J. (2019). Effect of weed species on drought tolerant rice genotypes of Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal. Open Agriculture, 4:65-78.
Connally, A., Smith, D., Marek, S., Wu, Y. and Walker, N. (2022). Phylogenetic evaluation of Bipolaris and Curvularia species collected from turfgrasses. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 14:916-930.
Cumagun, C. J. R., McDonald, B. A., Arakawa, M., Castroagudin, V. L., Sebbenn, A. M. and Ceresini, P. C. (2020). Population genetic structure of the sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA from rice fields in China, Japan, and Philippines. Acta Scientiarium Agronomy, 42.
Dayong, L., Shuai, L., Wei, S. and Sun, W. (2021). Strategies to manage rice sheath blight: lessons from interactions between rice and Rhizoctonia solani. Rice, 14.
de Rodriguez, D. J., Hernandez-Castillo, D., Rodriguez-Garcia, R. and Angulo-Sanchez, J. (2005). Antifungal activity in vitro of Aloe vera pulp and liquid fraction against plant pathogenic fungi. Industrial Crops and Products, 21:81-87.
Donayre, D. K. M. and Dalisay, T. U (2015). Potential of endophytic fungi of barnyard weed for biological control of the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. International Journal of Philippine Science and Technolgy, 8:48-51.
Garcia, G. G. (2014). Laboratory exercises in General Microbiology. Central Luzon State University, Muñoz Nueva Ecija: Center for Educational Resources Development Services, 30-35
Gupta, A., Meshram, V., Gupta, M., Goyal, S., Qureshi, K. A., Jaremko, M. and Shukla, K. K. (2023). Fungal endophytes: microfactories of novel bioactive compounds with therapeutic interventions; a comprehensive review on the biotechnological developments in the field of fungal endophytic biology over the last decade. Biomolecules, 13:1308.
Hashem, A. H., Shehabeldine, A. M., Abdelaziz, A. M., Amin, B. H. and Sharaf, M. H. (2022). Antifungal activity of endophytic Aspergillus terreus extract against some fungi causing mucormycosis: Ultrastractural study. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 194:3468-3482.
Hashem, A. H., Attia, M. S., Kandil, E. K., Fawzi, M. M., Abdelrahman, A. S., Khader, M. S., Khodaira, M. A., Emam, A. E., Goma, M. A. and Abdelaziz, A. M. (2023). Bioactive compounds and biomedical applications of endophytic fungi: a recent review. Microbial Cell Factories, 22:107.
Hawar, S. N., Taha, Z. K., Hamied, A. S., Al-Shmgani, H. S., Sulaiman, G. M. and Elsilk, S. E. (2023). Antifungal activity of bioactive compounds produced by the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces sp. (JN227071.1) against Rhizoctonia solani. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2023:2411555.
Husna, A., Zakaria, L. and Mohamed Nor, N. M. I. (2020). Fusarium commune associated with wilt and root rot disease in rice. Plant Pathology, 70:123-132.
Ibrahim, M., Oyebanji, E., Fowora, M., Aiyeolemi, A., Orabuchi, C., Babajide, A. and Adekunle, A. A. (2021). Extracts of endophytic fungi from leaves of selected Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants exhibited antioxidant activity. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21.
Itturrieta-Gonzalez, I., Gene, J., Wiederhold, N. and Garcia, D. (2020). Three new Curvularia species from clinical and environmental sources. MycoKeys, 68:1-21.
Jiang, S., Chen, Y., Han, S., Lv, L. and Li, L. (2022). Next-generation sequencing applications for the study of fungal pathogens. Microorganisms, 10:1882.
Lass-Florl, C., Dietl, A. M., Kontoyiannis, D. P. and Brock, M. (2021). Aspergillus terreus species complex. American Society for Microbiology: Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 34:1-27.
Leung, H. (2018). Disease and pest resistance rice. Retrieved https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/12/3449/htm#B3-sustainability-11-03449
Li, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, R., Liu, J., Ali, E., Ji, P. and Pan, H. (2019). Occurrence of seedling blight caused by Fusarium tricinctum on rice in China. APS Publication, 103:1789.
Madrid, H., da Cunha, K. C., Gene, J., Dijksterhuis, J., Cano, J., Sutton, D. A., Guarro, J. and Crous, P. W. (2014). Novel Curvularia species from clinical specimens. Persoonia, 33:48-60.
Manamgoda, D. S., Rossman, A. Y., Castlebury, L. A., Crous, P. W., Madrid, H., Chukeatirote, E. and Hyde, K. D. (2014). The genus Bipolaris. Studies in Mycology, 79:221-288.
Marin-Felix, Y., Senwanna, C., Cheewangkoon, R. and Crous, P. W. (2017). New species records of Bipolaris and Curvularia from Thailand. Mycosphere, 8:1556-1574. 11
Mohanty, S., Wassmann, R., Nelson, A., Moya, P. and Jagadish, S. K. (2013). Rice and climate change: significance for food security and vulnerability. Retrieved http://books.irri.org/DPS49_content.pdf
Moody, K. (1989). Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia. International Rice Research Institute. Retrieved https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABD500.pdf
Moron, L. S., Lim, Y-W. and dela Cruz, T. E. E. (2018). Antimicrobial activities of crude culture extracts from mangrove fungal endophytes collected in Luzon Island, Philippines. Philippine Science Letters, 11:28-36.
Motlagh, M. R. S., Jahangiri, B., Kulus, D., Tymoszuk, A. and Keviani, B. (2022). Endophytic fungi as potential biocontrol agents against Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kuhn, the causal agent of rice sheath blight disease. Biology, 11:1282.
Pan, X., Zou, J., Chen, Z., Lu, J., Yu, H., Li, H., Wang, Z., Pan, X., Rush, M. and Zhu, L. (1999). Tagging major quantitative trait loci for sheath blight resistance in a rice variety, Jasmine 85. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44:1783-1789.
Phan, L. T. K., Tran, T. M., Audnaert, K., Jacxsens, L. and Eeckhout, M. (2021). Contamination of Fusarium proliferatum and Aspergillus flavus in the rice chain linked to crop seasons, cultivation regions, and traditional agricultural practices in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Foods, 10:2064.
Petrikkou, E., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., Estrella, M. C., Gomez, A., Molleja, A. and Mellado, E. (2001). Inoculum standardization for antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi pathogenic for humans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39:1345-1347.
Rashid, M. M. (2001). Detection of Curvularia species in Boro rice seeds of Dinajpur. Journal of Biological Sciences, 1:591-592.
Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N. and Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3:430-439.
Senapati, M., Tiwari, A., Sharma, N., Chandra, P., Bashyal, B. M., Ellur, R. K., Bhowmick, P. K., Bollinedi, H., Vinod, K. K., Singh, A. K. and Krishnan, S. G. (2022). Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn pathophysiology: status and prospects of sheath blight disease management in rice. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13.
Serrano, J. L. D., Dulay, R. M. R. and Waing, K. G. D. (2018). Biological activities of leaf extracts of Morus sp. S54 variety. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 7:370-377.
Shakhatreh, M. A., Al-Smadi, M. L., Khabour, O. F., Shuaibu, F. A., Hussein, E. I. and Alzoubi, K. H. (2016). Study of the antibacterial and antifungal activities of synthetic benzyl bromides, ketones, and corresponding chalcone derivatives. Drug Design, Development and Theraphy, 10:3653-3660.
Shankar Naik, B., Sashikala, J. and Krishnamurthy, Y. L. (2009). Study on the diversity of endophytic communities from rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their antagonistic activities in vitro. Microbiological Research, 164:290-296.
Sharma, P., Khandelwal, S., Singh, T. and Vijayvergia, R. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antifungal potential of Duranta erecta against some phytopatogenic fungi. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3:2686-2689. 89
Somu, R., Thammaiah, N., Swamy, G. S. K., Kulkarni, M. S. and Devappa, V. (2014). In vitro evaluation of fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. International Journal of Plant Protection, 7:221-224.
Sureshkumar, R., Ashoka Reddy, Y. and Ravichandran, S. (2016). Effects of weeds and their management in transplanted rice – a review. IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Applied Natural and Social Sciences, 4:165-180.
Szalewski, D. A., Hinrichs, V. S., Zinniel, D. K. and Barletta, R. G. (2018). The pathogenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus, drug resistance, and nanoparticle delivery. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 64.
Toru, U., Ryosuke, T., Kazumi, S., Mizuhiko, N., Toyoaki, I. and Masanori, S. (2020). Rice yields and the effect of weed management in an organic production system with winter flooding. Plant Production Science, 24:405-417.
Wang, L., Liu, L. M., Hou, Y. X. and Huang, S. W. (2015). Pathotypic and genetic diversity in the population of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA causing rice sheath blight in China. Plant Pathology, 64:718-728.
Waing, K. G. D., Guiterrez, J. M., Galvez, C. T. and Undan, J. R. (2015). Molecular identification of leaf litter fungi potential for cellulose degredation. Mycosphere, 6:139-144.
Wen, J., Okyere, S. K., Wang, S., Wang, J., Xie, L., Ran, Y. and Hu, Y. (2022). Endophytic fungi: an effective alternative source of plant-derived bioactive compounds for pharmacological studies. Journal of Fungi, 8:205.
Yanagihara, M., Tachikawa, N., Hanakawa, H., Kawasaki, M., Anzawa, K., Kawasaki, K., Kawasaki, M., Ishizaki, H., Mochizuki, T., Udagawa, S. and Sato, Y. (2010). Tiny keratotic brown lesions on the interdigital web between the toes of a healthy man caused by Curvularia species infection and a review of cutaneous Curvularia infections. Mycoscience, 51:224-233.
Zabala, D. M., Darghan, A., Carranza, N. and Plaza, G. (2019). Spatial distribution of multiple herbicide resistance in Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 79.