Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activities in whitegoby, Glossogobius giuris from the East Bay of Laguna Lake, Philippines
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Laguna Lake, the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines, has been threatened by fertilizers and pesticides runoff from agricultural land use in the eastern bay. Glossogobius giuris, whitegoby, is one of the native and commercially important fishes in the lake and is reported to be of declining population. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is widely known as biomarker of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates pesticides. The study determined AChE activities in brain and muscle using rapid colorimetric method in wild fish populations obtained from two predominantly agricultural sites (Bay and Santa Cruz) in Laguna and a reference population, reared in concrete tanks. Measured brain AChE activity across populations was significantly (P<0.05) higher than muscle. This resulted to a significantly (P<0.05) higher inhibition rate in muscle than brain in wild populations. However, inhibition rates were not significantly (P>0.05) different between agricultural sites. Depressed AChE activity levels may indicate fish exposure and toxicity to anticholinesterase pesticides in the eastern bay of the lake. This could be supported by carbamates and organophosphates usage in rice and vegetable production along the lakeshore as revealed through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Findings may assist in the monitoring of the lake’s ecological status and on management actions pertaining to agricultural inputs and other wastes that possibly contribute to the deteriorating water quality and declining fish production in the lake. Further studies with increased sample size from other bays and tributaries of the lake, and the analyses of water and sediment samples for detection of pesticides and other neurotoxic compounds (e.g. heavy metals) affecting AChE activity levels are recommended for an overall assessment on the status of this fishery resource.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Adams, S. M., Giesy, J. P., Tremblay, L. A. and Eason, C. T. (2001). The use of biomarkers in ecological risk assessment: recommendations from the Christchurch conference on biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Biomarkers. 6:1-6.
Arufe, M., Arellano, J. M., García, L., Albendín, G. and Sarasquete, C. (2007). Cholinesterase activity in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae: characterization and sensitivity to the organophosphate azinphosmethyl. Aquatic Toxicology. 84:328-36.
Assis, C. R. D., Linhares, A. G., Oliveira, V. M., França, R. C. P., Carvalho, E. V. M, Bezerra, R. S. and De Carvalho Jr., L. B. (2012). Comparative effect of pesticides on brain acetylcholinesterase in tropical fish. Science of the Total Environment. 441:141-150.
Beauvais, S. L., Cole, K. J., Atchison, G. J. and Coffey, M. (2002). Factors affecting brain cholinesterase activity in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 135:249-264.
Bradbury, S. P., Carlson, R. W., Henry, T. R., Padilla, S. and Cowden, J. (2008). Toxic responses of the fish nervous system. In: DiGiulio ,R. T., Hinton, D. E.(Eds.), The Toxicology of Fishes.CRC Press- Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 417-455.
Chandrasekara, L. W. H. U. and Pathiratne, A. (2007). Body size-related differences in the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 67:109-19.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Environmental Management Bureau. (1990). Administrative Order no. 34. (Series of 1990). Revised Water Usage and Classification Water Quality Criteria Amending Section Nos. 68 and 69, Chapter III of the 1978 NPCC Rules and Regulations.
Ellman, G. L., Courtney, K. D., Anders Jr., V. and Featherstone, R. M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 7:88-95.
Fabro, L. and Varca, L. M. (2012). Pesticide usage by farmers in Pagsanjan-Lumban catchment of Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Agricultural Water Management. 106:27-34.
Ferrari, A., Venturino, A. and Pechended´, A. M. (2004). Time course of brain cholinesterase inhibition and recovery following acute and sub acute azin- phosmethyl, parathion and carbaryl exposure in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 57:420-425.
Flammarion, P., Noury, P. and Garric, J. (2002). The measurement of cholinesterase activities as a biomarker in chub (Leuciscus cephalus): the fish length should not be ignored. Environmental Pollution. 120:325-330.
Fulton, M. H. and Key, P. B. (2001). Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorous insecticide exposure and effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 20:37-45.
Global Footprint Network, Australian Aid, Laguna Lake Development Authority, Metro Manila Development Authority. (2013). Restoring Balance in Laguna Lake Region. 2013 Ecological Footprint Report. 32-33.
Hamers, T., Smit, M. G. D., Murk, A. J. and Koeman, J. H. (2001). Biological and chemical analysis of the toxic potency of pesticides in rainwater. Chemosphere. 46:609-624.
Kirby M. F., Morris, S., Hurst, M., Kirby, S. J., Neall, P., Tylor, T. and Fagg, A. (2000). The use of cholinesterase activity in flounder (Platichthys flesus) muscle tissue as a biomarker of neurotoxic contamination in UK estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40:780-791.
Lasco, R. D. and Espaldon, M. V. O. (2005). Ecosystems and People: The Philippine Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), Sub-global Assessment. Environmental Forestry Programme, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños. 24-26.
Menéndez-Helman, R. J., Ferreyroa, G. V., Afonso, M. S. and Salibián, A. (2015). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 111:236-241.
Nehemia, A., Maganira, J. D. and Rumisha, C. (2012). Length-Weight relationship and condition factor of tilapia species grown in marine and fresh water ponds. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 3:117-124.
Padilla, S. (1995). Regulatory and research issues related to cholinesterase inhibition. Toxicology. 102:215-220.
Pan, G. and Dutta, H. M. (1998). The inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity of juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides by sublethal concentrations of diazinon. Environmental Research. 79:133-137.
Richardson, N., Gordon, A. K., Muller, W. J., Pletschke, B. I. and Whitfield, A. K. (2010). The use of liver histopathology, lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase assays as biomarkers of contaminant induced stress in the Cape stumpnose, Rhabdosargus holubi (Teleostei: Sparidae), from selected South African estuaries. Water SA. 36:407-416.
Sanchez W., Piccini, B., Ditche J. M. and Porcher, J. M. (2008). Assessment of seasonal variability of biomarkers in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from a low contaminated stream: implication for environmental biomonitoring. Environment International. 34:791-798.
Sancho, E., Fernandez-Vega, C., Sanchez, M., Ferrando, M. D. and Andreu-Moliner, E. (2000). Alterations on AChE activity of the fish Anguilla anguilla as response to herbicide-contaminated water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 46:57-63.
Sole, M., Kopecka, J., Garcia, L. M. and La Parra, D. E. (2006). Seasonal variations of selected biomarkers in Sand Gobies Pomatoschistus minutus from the Guadalquivir Estuary, Southwest Spain. Arch. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 50:249-255.
Sturm, A., Wogram, J., Hansen, P. D. and Liess, M. (1999). Potential use of cholinesterase in monitoring low levels of organophosphates in small streams: natural variability in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and relation to pollution. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 18:194-200.
Sturm, A., Wogram, J., Segner, H. and Liess, M. (2000). Different sensitivity to organo- phosphates of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase from three- spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): application in biomonitoring. EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry. 19:1607-1615.
Ugaddan, G. R. and Ocampo, P. P. (2014). Characterization of different potential biomarkers in ayungin Leiopotherapon plumbeus exposed to sublethal concentration of profenofos insecticide. (Master Thesis). University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines.
Yildirim, N. C., Yildirim, N., Danabas, D. and Danabas, S. (2014). Use of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 1A1 in Capoetaumbla as biomarkers for monitoring of pollution in Uzuncayir Dam Lake (Tunceli, Turkey). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 37:1169-1176.
