Endophytic fungi in agriculture: Diversity, functions, and prospects for bioprotection.
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Abstract
Endophytic fungi, residing within plant tissues without causing harm, play a pivotal role in agricultural ecosystems by enhancing plant health and resilience. This review explores the diverse taxa of endophytic fungi and their multifaceted functions, including promotion of plant growth, enhancement of nutrient uptake, and facilitation of stress tolerance against biotic and abiotic challenges. Through symbiotic interactions, these fungi can induce systemic resistance in plants, offering a natural alternative to chemical pesticides for the management of plant pathogens and pests. Recent advances in molecular techniques have unveiled the complex diversity of endophytic communities, revealing their ecological significance and potential for biotechnological applications. The integration of endophytic fungi into sustainable agricultural practices holds promise for bioprotection, contributing to food security while minimizing environmental impacts. This review discusses various strategies for harnessing the beneficial properties of endophytic fungi, including inoculation protocols and the selection of compatible plant-fungal combinations. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and prospects for future research, emphasizing the need for a greater understanding of the interactions between endophytes, host plants, and environmental factors. By leveraging the potential of endophytic fungi, agriculture can transition towards more resilient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly practices, paving the way for innovative solutions in crop management and protection.
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