Assessment of water quality variation for agriculture in Bang Pakong River of Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The quality of water from the river was carried out from November, 2021 to April, 2022. The water samples were collected from 13 sampling points and analyzed pH, electricity conductivity (EC), salinity, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The seawater mixing ratio was calculated using chloride concentration from the river and sea. The maximum pH value (7.56) was observed in February and the minimum value (6.53) was occurred in December among the collection months. The EC and salinity were the highest in February. The highest concentration of cation in water sample was Na+ and the lowest value of cation was Ca2+. The concentration of Mg2+ was higher than that of Ca2+ from February to April. The sequence of major anions in water were Cl − > SO42−. All parameters were higher in February compared to other collection months. Additionally, the highest seawater mixing ratio was observed in February (25.40%) followed by March (3.87%) and April (1.27%). The acceptable limits of irrigation water were EC (<0.7 mS cm-1), SAR (< 10) and Cl−(<10 meq L-1). The EC (13.90 mS cm-1), SAR (22.81) and Cl− (117.00 meq L-1) values were high in the river water was unsuitable for irrigation in February, which caused many problems to soil and plants. Therefore, it was concluded that the properties of water in Bang Pakong River were changed in every month depend on precipitation and freshwater flow in this region. Besides, presence of high salinity and sodicity of irrigation water other than rainwater could deteriorate the soil properties of valuable agricultural land as well as damaged the crop production. The results provided that the river water was suitable for irrigation in agricultural fields in specific month in order to increase agricultural production in this area.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Aderoju, D. O. and Fetus, A. G. (2013). Influence of salinity on soil chemical properties and surrounding vegetation of Awe salt mining site, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; 7:1070-1075.
Al-Shammiri, M., Al-Saffar, A., Bohamad, S. and Ahmed, M. (2005). Waste water quality and reuse in irrigation in Kuwait using microfiltration technology in treatment, Desalination, 185:213-225.
Awulachew, S. B., Yilma, A. D., Loulseged, M., Loiskandl, W., Ayan, M. and Alamirew, T. (2007). Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia. Working Paper 123. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute. pp.78.
Bubphamala, T., Benjawan, L. and Liamlaem, W. (2010). Seasonal variations of water quality in Bangpakong River and nearby canals at Banpho District. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.), 44:732-743.
Chaiyarak, B., Tattiyakul, G. and Karnsunthad, N. (2019). Climate change vulnerability assessment Bang Pakong River Wetland, Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: IUCN. X + 73 pp.
Choudhary, P., Dagankar, A. and Praveen, S. (2007). Physiochemical analysis of groundwater for evaluation of drinking water quality at Dhar, M.P. National Environmental and Pollution Technology, 6:109-112.
Dasgupta, S., Kamal, F. A., Khan, Z. H., Choudhury, S. and Nishat. A. (2014). River salinity and climate change: Evidence from coastal Bangladesh, Policy Research Working Paper 6817, pp.1-44.
Erfandi, D. and Rachman, A. (2011). Identification of soil salinity due to seawater intrusion on rice field in the Northern Coast of Indramayu, West Java. Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI).
Gupta, P. K. (2005). Methods in environmental analysis: Water, Soil and Air. Published by Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, pp.1-127.
Hamza, N. H. (2012). Evaluation of water quality of diyala river for irrigation purposes, Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2:82-98.
Haritash, A. K., Gaur, S. and Garg, S. (2016) Assessment of water quality and suitability analysis of River Ganga in Rishikesh, India. Applied Water Science, 6:383-392.
Hegde, S. (2019). Salt intrusion: a threat to source water quality, The university of Pennsyvania.
Huang, J., Huang, Y. and Zhang, Z. (2014). Coupled effects of natural and anthropogenic controls on seasonal and spatial variations of river water quality during base flow in a coastal watershed of southeast China, Plos One, 9:91528.
Ibrahim, D. H. M. (2014). Assessment of water quality and soil properties for Irrigation in the horticultural crops producing areas of Alhegaina, north Kordofan State Sudan. (Master Thesis). Kenyatta University, KENYA.
Iowa Department of Natural Resources. (2009). Water quality standards review: Chloride, sulfate and total dissolve solids, pp.1-79.
Islam, M. M., Azad, A. K., Ara, M. H., Rahman, M., Hassan, N., Swarnokar, S. C. and Rabeya, I. (2016). Environmental study on a coastal River of Bangladesh with reference to irrigation water quality assessment: A case study on Shailmari River, Khulna. Journal of Geoscience and Environmental Protection, 4:41-64.
Islam, M. S. and Shamsad, S. Z. K. M. (2009). Assessment of irrigation water quality of Bogra District in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res, 34:597-608.
Kumar, M., Kumari, K., Ramanathan A. L. and Saxena. R. (2007). A comparative evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes in two intensively cultivated districts of Punjab, India, Environmental Geology, 53:553-574.
Li, P. and Wu, J. (2019). Drinking water quality and public health. Exposure and Health,11:73-79.
Maraz, K. M., Karmaker, N., Islam, F., Haque, K. M., Haque, M., Piya, A. K., Raihan, M., Islam, M., and Khan, R. A. (2021). Analysis of water samples of four central rivers of Bangladesh. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 8(1), 110–117.
National News Bureau of Thailand (NNT) (2017). RID prevents seawater intrusion into Bang Pakong River.
Numaan, M. M. (2011). Quality assessment of Tigris River by using water quality index for irrigation purpose. European Journal of Scientific Research, 57:15-28.
Phankamolsil, N., Sonsri, K. and Phankamolsi, Y. (2021). Consequence of seawater intrusion on soil properties in agricultural areas of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand. Applied Environmental Research.
Ratanajaruraks, R. (2009). On-Farm water management project at three different locations in Thailand, Water Quality Managemnt, pp.1-14.
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA.
Roy, S., Akhtaruzzaman, M. and Nath, B. (2020). Spatio-seasonal variations of salinity and sssociated chemical properties in the Middle Section of Karnaphuli River Water, Chittagong, Bangladesh Using Laboratory Analysis and GIS Technique. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 11:372-382.
Saleh, L. A. M. (2016). Assessment of the irrigation water quality for AlKifl River in Al-Hindya City, Journal of Babylon University, 24:266.
Srinivasamoorthy, K., Gopinath, M., Chidambaram, S., Vasanthavigar, M. and Sarma., V. S. (2014). Hydrochemical characterization and quality appraisal of groundwater from Pungar sub basin, Tamilnadu, India. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 26:37-52.
Sukumaran, D. and Raj P, J. (2020). Saline water intrusion in urban coastal area: A case study of Kuttiyadi River, Kerala, India. American Journal of Water Resources, 8:128-133.
Trabelsi, R., Abid, K. and Zouari, K. (2011). Groundwater salinization processes in shallow coastal aquifer of Djeffara plain of Medenine, Southeastern Tunisia. Environmental Earth Scince.
Wang, S, Song, X. and Wang, Q. (2012). Shallow groundwater dynamics and origin of salinity at two sites in salinated and water-deficient region of North China Plain, China, Environmental Earth Sciences, 66:729-739.
Yan, S., Yu, S., Wu, Y., Pan, D., She, D. and Ji, J. (2015). Seasonal variations in groundwater level and salinity in coastal plain of eastern China Influenced by climate. Journal of Chemistry.
