Factors influencing dead on arrival and condemnation of broilers during catching, transport, lairage and slaughter
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The effects of each factor in the final model of a multilevel analysis of the risk factors for dead on arrival (DOA) and condemnation were expressed as an estimate ratio (ER). The results showed that risk factors associated with the percentage of DOA were season, time of transport, rearing density, weight per crate, and feed withdrawal time. Risk factors associated with the percentage of condemnations are season, time of transport, mean body weight, rearing mortality and culling rate, and rearing stocking density. The key factors that significantly affected the percentage of DOA and could be relatively easily reduced were weight per crate (ER =0.045 for each additional 1 kg) and feed withdrawal time (ER =0.001 for each additional 60 minutes). Reducing or eliminating these factors results in a reduction in DOA, which improves profitability and animal welfare. In addition, reducing the stocking density per crate and transporting at night or in the morning should be implemented to reduce the percentage of DOA and the percentage of condemnation
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Aliabad, S. H., Mortazavi, P., Khoshbakht, R. and MOUSAVI, A. (1998). Causes of Broiler Carcasses Condemnation in Nowshahr Poultry Slaughters (North of Iran) with Histopathologic Study of Cases Suspected to Marek’s. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 1:1069-1.
Arikan, M. S., Akin, A. C., Akcay, A., Aral, Y., Sariozkan, S., Cevrimli, M. B. and Polat, M. (2017). Effects of transportation distance, slaughter age, and seasonal factors on total losses in broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 19:421-428.
Bayliss, P. and Hinton, M. (1990). Transportation of broilers with special reference to mortality rates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 93-118.
Bianchi, M., Petracci, M. and Cavani, C. (2005). Effects of transport and lairage on mortality, liveweight loss and carcass quality in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 4:516-518.
Chauvin, C., Hillion, S., Balaine, L., Michel, V., Peraste, J., Petetin, I., Lupo, C. and Le Bouquin, S. (2011). Factors associated with mortality of broilers during transport to slaughterhouse. Animal, 5:287-293.
Chikwa, K., Atkare, S., Bhardwaj, J., Nema, R., Kumar, J., Padwar, P. and Viswakarma, R. (2019). Transportation of broilers: An issue of welfare.
Cobb Broiler Management Guide. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.cobb-vantress.com/docs/default-source/management-guides/broiler-management-guide. pdf. (Accessed on 24th February 2018)
Council Directive 43/EC, E. U. C. D. (2007). Laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Official Journal of the European Union, 182:19-28.
Council, F. A. W. (2009). Farm Animal Welfare Council: Five freedoms. Retrieved June, 5, 2009.
De Jong, I. and Berg, C., Butterworth, A. and Estevéz, I. (2012). Scientific report updating the EFSA opinions on the welfare of broilers and broiler breeders. EFSA Supporting Publications 9(6), pp.295.
DLD (2005). Poulytry Meat and Poultry Products Inspection Regulations B.E. 2548(2005), Department of Livestock Development Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Thailand section 5, pp.74-86.
Drain, M. E., Whiting, T. L., Rasali, D. P. and D’Angiolo, V. A. (2007). Warm weather transport of broiler chickens in Manitoba. I. Farm management factors associated with death loss in transit to slaughter. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48:76.
Elsayed, M. A. (2014). Effects of length of shipping distance and season of the year temperature stress on death rates and physiological condition of broilers on arrival to slaughterhouse. Journal of Nuclear Technology in Applied Science 2.
Estevez, I. (2007). Density allowances for broilers: where to set the limits? Poultry Science, 86:1265-1272.
European Union. (2005). Proposal for a Council Directive (2005/ 0099/CNS) laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Retrieved from http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/animal/welfare/farm/proposal_EN.pdf. (Accessed on May 2005)
Ferreira, A. J. P. and Knobl, T. (2009). Colibacilose. In: Doenças das aves. 2. ed. Berchieri Júnior, A.; Silva, E. N.; Di Fábio, J.; Sesti, L. and Zuanese, M. A. F., eds. Fundação APINCO de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícola, Campinas, pp.457-471.
Gregory, N. G. and S. D. Austin. (1992). Causes of trauma in broilers arriving dead at poultry processing plants. Veternary Record, 131:501-503.
Griffiths, G. L. and Nairn, M. E. (1984). Carcase downgrading of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 25:441-446.
Haslam, S. M., Knowles, T. G., Brown, S. N., Wilkins, L. J., Kestin, S. C., Warriss, P. D. and Nicol, C. J. (2008). Prevalence and factors associated with it, of birds dead on arrival at the slaughterhouse and other rejection conditions in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 49:685-696.
Jacobs, L., Delezie, E., Duchateau, L., Goethals, K. and Tuyttens, F. A. M. (2017). Broiler chickens dead on arrival: associated risk factors and welfare indicators. Poultry Science, 96:259-265.
Lupo, C., Chauvin, C., Balaine, L., Petetin, I., Péraste, J., Colin, P. and Le Bouquin, S. (2008). Postmortem condemnations of processed broiler chickens in western France. Veterinary Record, 162:709-713.
Lupo, C., Le Bouquin, S., Balaine, L., Michel, V., Peraste, J., Petetin, I. and Chauvin, C. (2009). Feasibility of screening broiler chicken flocks for risk markers as an aid for meat inspection. Epidemiology & Infection, 137:1086-1098.
Lupo, C., Bougeard, S., Balaine, L., Michel, V., Petetin, I., Colin, P. and Chauvin, C. (2010). Risk factors for sanitary condemnation in broiler chickens and their relative impact: application of an original multiblock approach. Epidemiology & Infection, 138:364-375.
Luptakova, O., Nagy, J., Popelka, P., Turek, P. and Nagyova, A. (2012). Trend analysis of the dead-on arrival and condemnation causes of broiler chickens from farm LIESKOVEC (THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC) in the years 2006—2010. FOLIA, 56: 37-38.
Mayes, F. J. (1980). The incidence of bruising in broiler flocks. British Poultry Science, 21:505-509.
Mendes, A. A. and Komiyama, C. M. (2011). Estratégias de manejo de frangos de corte visando qualidade de carcaça e carne. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia/Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 352-357.
Mwimali, M. I., Kitaa, J. M. A. and Osoro, L. N. (2018). An analysis of the causes of poultry condemnations at a Nairobi slaughterhouse, Kenya (2011-2014). International Journal of Veterinary Science, 7:121-126.
Muchon, J. L., Garcia, R. G., Gandra, É. R. D. S., Assunção, A. S. D. A., Komiyama, C. M., Caldara, F. R. and Santos, R. A. D. (2019). Origin of broiler carcass condemnations. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 48.
Nascimento, E. R. and Pereira, V. L. A. (2009). Micoplasmoses. In: Doenças das aves. Di Fabio, J. and Rossini, L. I., eds. FACTA, Campinas. pp. 485-500.
Nijdam, E., Arens, P., Lambooij, E., Decuypere, E. and Stegeman, J. A. (2004). Factors influencing bruises and mortality of broilers during catching, transport, and lairage. Poultry Science, 83:1610-1615.
Nijdam, E., Delezie, E., Lambooij, E., Nabuurs, M., Decuypere, E. and Stegeman, J. (2005). Comparison of bruises and mortality, stress parameters, and meat quality in manually and mechanically caught broilers. Poultry Science, 84:467-474.
Nijdam, E., Zailan, A. R., Van Eck, J. H., Decuypere, E. and Stegeman, J. A. (2006). Pathological features in dead on arrival broilers with special reference to heart disorders. Poultry Science, 85:1303-1308.
Office of Agricultural Economics. (2022). Chicken meat products and products. Retrieved from https://api.dth.go.th. (Accessed on March 2022).
OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code 19/07/2021. (2021). Chapter 7.1. Introduction to the Recommendations for Animal Welfare.Retrieved from https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/chapitre_aw_introduction. pdf (Accessed on 12 December 2021).
Ondrašovičová, O. L.G.A., Saba, L.E.O.N., Šmirkjáková, S., Vargová, M. I. L. A. D. A., Ondrašovič, M. I. L. O. S. L. A. V. and Matta, S. T. A. N. I. S. L. A. V. (2008). Effects of vehicle-road transport on blood profile in broiler chickens. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 64:292-293.
Petracci, M., Bianchi, M., Cavani, C., Gaspari, P. and Lavazza, A. (2006). Preslaughter mortality in broiler chickens, turkeys, and spent hens under commercial slaughtering. Poultry Science, 85:1660-1664.
Proctor, H. S., Carder, G. and Cornish, A. R. (2013). Searching for animal sentience: A systematic review of the scientific literature. Animals, 3:882-906.
Ritz, CW., Webster, AB. and Czarick, M. (2005). Evaluation of hot weather thermal environment and incidence of mortality associated with broiler live haul. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14:594-602.
Rui, B. R., Angrimani, D. D. S. R. and Silva, M. A. A. D. (2011). Pontos críticos no manejo pré-abate de frango de corte: jejum, captura, carregamento, transporte e tempo de espera no abatedouro. Ciência Rural, 41:1290-1296.
Salines, M., Allain, V., Roul, H., Magras, C. and Le Bouquin, S. (2017). Rates of and reasons for condemnation of poultry carcases: harmonised methodology at the slaughterhouse. Veterinary Record, 180:516.
Sowinska, J., Wojcik, A., Pomianowski, J. F., Chorazy, L., Mituniewicz, T., Witkowska, D. and Kuczynska, P. (2013). Effects of different variants of pre-slaughter transport on body weight loss and meat quality in broiler chickens. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 69:420-423.
Vecerek, V., Grbalova, S., Voslarova, E., Janackova, B. and Malena, M. (2006). Effects of travel distance and the season of the year on death rates of broilers transported to poultry processing plants. Poultry Science, 85:1881-1884.
Vieira, F. M. C., Silva, I. J. O. D., Barbosa Filho, J. A. D. and Vieira, A. M. C. (2010). Productive losses on broiler preslaughter operations: effects of the distance from farms to abattoirs and of lairage time in a climatized holding area. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39:2471-2476.
Voslarova E, Janackova B, Vitula F, Kozak.A. and Vecerek V. (2007). Effects of transport distance and the season of the year on death rates among hens and roosters in transport to poultry processing plants in the Czech Republic in the period from 1997 to 2004. Veterinární Medicína, 2007:262-266.
Warriss, P., Knowles, T., Brown, S., Edwards, J., Kettlewell, P., Mitchell, M. and Baxter, C. (1999). Effects of lairage time on body temperature and glycogen reserves of broiler chickens held in transport modules. Veterinary Record, 145:218-222.
Warriss, P. D., Pagazaurtundua, A. and Brown, S. N. (2005). Relationship between maximum daily temperature and mortality of broiler chickens during transport and lairage. Br. Poultry Sciene, 46:647-651.
Whiting, T. L. Drain, M. E. and Rasali, D. P. (2007). Warm weather transport of broiler chickens in Manitoba. II. Truck management factors associated with death loss in transit to slaughter. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 48:148-154.
