A comparative analysis of carbon dioxide emissions across land uses in Bengkulu city, Indonesia
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Abstract
The study found that CO₂ emissions varied across different land uses over six observation periods, with the most pronounced fluctuations occurring in agricultural areas. Forest soils released the highest levels of CO₂ but also supported the greatest accumulation of carbon through higher dry litter biomass, dry bottom plant biomass, and soil organic carbon. Specifically, dry litter biomass in forested areas was 250% and 167% higher than in home yards and palm oil plantations, respectively. Additionally, forest soils exhibited superior quality, contributing the highest soil total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), exchangeable potassium (K), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH, while maintaining the lowest bulk density. As comparison to palm oil plantations, forest soils had 49.1% more organic carbon, 258.4% more available P, and 36.4% more exchangeable K. However, total soil nitrogen did not significantly differ between forests and palm oil plantations. Microbial populations were also relatively consistent across all land use types. Further research is needed to assess the carbon balance of each land use type to better understand their potential as carbon sinks or sources.
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