Small-scale spatial variability of selected soil properties in a sloped cultivation area A case study of Phetchabun province's highland region, Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Spatial variability analysis revealed distinct patterns among selected soil properties in a small-scale sloped cultivation area in the highland region of Phetchabun Province, Thailand. Descriptive statistics revealed low coefficients of variation (CV) for soil bulk density (BD), gravimetric soil water content (GWC), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil organic matter (SOM), indicating little variability. Exchangeable potassium (Kexch), exchangeable calcium (Caexch), and exchangeable magnesium (Mgexch) showed moderate variability, while both saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and available phosphorus (Pavai) displayed high variability. A geostatistical analysis, where residuals are kriged before adding with trend obtained through linear regression, reliably predicted BD, GWC, and Kexch under a small sample size; however, caution is needed for soil pH predictions. The study underscored the impact of a small sample size on log-transformed Ksat, SOC, SOM, log-transformed Pavai, Caexch, and Mgexch correlations. Overall, the findings are emphasized the importance of spatial variability analysis in guiding precise agricultural practices and resource utilization for small-scale sloped cultivation areas.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Alfaro, M. A., Jarvis, S. C. and Gregory, P. J. (2004). Factors affecting potassium leaching in different soils. Soil Use Management, 20:182-189.
Awal, R., Safeeq, M., Abbas, F., Fares, S., Deb, S. K., Ahmad, A. and Fares, A. (2019). Soil physical properties spatial variability under long-term no-tillage corn. Agronomy, 9:1-17.
Bai, Z., Caspari, T., Gonzalez, M. R., Batjes, N. H., Mäder, P., Bünemann, E. K., de Goede, R., Brussaard, L., Xu, M., Ferreira, C. S. S., Reintam, E., Fan, H., Mihelič, R., Glavan, M. and Tóth, Z. (2018). Effects of agricultural management practices on soil quality: A review of long-term experiments for Europe and China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 265:1-7.
Barber, S. A. (1995). Soil nutrient bioavailability: a mechanistic approach. John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, USA.
Biney, J. K. M., Saberioon, M., Borůvka, L., Houška, J., Vašát, R., Chapman Agyeman, P., Coblinski, J. A. and Klement, A. (2021). Exploring the suitability of UAS-based multispectral images for estimating soil organic carbon: comparison with proximal soil sensing and spaceborne imagery. Remote Sensing, 13:308.
Bray, R. H. and Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science, 59.
Cambardella, C. A., Moorman, T. B., Novak, J. M., Parkin, T. B., Karlen, D. L., Turco, R. F. and Konopka, A. E. (1994). Field-scale variability of soil properties in Central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58:1501-1511.
Gandah, M., Stein, A., Brouwer, J. and Bouma, J. (2000). Dynamics of spatial variability of millet growth and yields at three sites in Niger, West Africa and implications for precision agriculture research. Agricultural Systems, 63:123-140.
Gee, G. W. and Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle-size Analysis. In: Klute A. ed. Methods of soil analysis: part 1 physical and mineralogical methods. Agronomy Monograph No. 9, 2nd Edition, American Society of Agronomy, Wisconsin, USA, pp.383-411.
Goovaerts, P. (1997). Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp. 483.
Gou, Y., Chen, H., Wu, W. and Liu, H. B. (2015). Effects of slope position, aspect and cropping system on soil nutrient variability in hilly areas. Soil Research, 53:338-348.
Gräler, B., Pebesma, E. J. and Heuvelink, G. B. M. (2016). Spatio-temporal interpolation using gstat. The R Journal, 8:204.
Guo, J., Wang, K. and Jin, S. (2022). Mapping of soil ph based on SVM-RFE feature selection algorithm. Agronomy, 12:2742.
Havaee, S., Mosaddeghi, M. R. and Ayoubi, S. (2015). In situ surface shear strength as affected by soil characteristics and land use in calcareous soils of central Iran. Geoderma, 237-238:137-148.
Highland Research and Development Institute. (2014). Highland. Retrieved from https://www.hrdi.or.th/About/Highland
Jian, Z., Lei, L., Ni, Y., Xu, J., Xiao, W. and Zeng, L. (2022). Soil clay is a key factor affecting soil phosphorus availability in the distribution area of Masson pine plantations across subtropical China. Ecological Indicators, 144:109482.
Jury, W. A. and Horton, R. (2004). Soil Physics, 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp.384.
Klute, A. and Dirksen, C. (1986). Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory methods. In Klute A. ed. Methods of soil analysis, part I: physical and mineralogyical methods. Agronomy monograph No. 9, 2nd edition, American Society of Agronomy, Wisconsin, USA, 1986, pp.687-734.
Kravchenko, A. N., Robertson, G. P., Snap, S. S. and Smucker, A. J. M. (2006). Using information about spatial variability to improve estimates of total soil carbon. Agronomy Journal, 98:823-829.
Lal, R. (2020). Soil organic matter and water retention. Agronomy Journal, 112:3265-3277.
Li, X., Shao, M. a., Zhao, C. and Jia, X. (2019). Spatial variability of soil water content and related factors across the Hexi Corridor of China. Journal of Arid Land, 11:123-134.
Liu, R., Pan, Y., Bao, H., Liang, S., Jiang, Y., Tu, H., Nong, J. and Huang, W. (2020). Variations in soil physico-chemical properties along slope position gradient in secondary vegetation of the hilly region, Guilin, Southwest China. Sustainability, 12:1303.
Liu, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, M., Ficklin, D. L. and Wang, F. (2009). Spatio-temporal variations of soil nutrients influenced by an altered land tenure system in China. Geoderma, 152:23-34.
Negassa, W., Baum, C., Schlichting, A., Müller, J, and Leinweber, P. (2019). Small-scale spatial variability of soil chemical and biochemical properties in a rewetted degraded peatland. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7:1-15.
Page, T., Haygarth, P. M., Beven, K. J., Joynes, A., Butler, T., Keeler, C., Freer, J., Owens, P. N. and Wood, G. A. (2005). Spatial variability of soil phosphorus in relation to the topographic index and critical source areas. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34:2263-2277.
Pebesma, E. J. (2004). Multivariable geostatistics in S: the gstat package. Computers & Geosciences, 30:683-691.
Pratt, P. F. (1965). Potassium. In: Norman A. G. ed. Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties. John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, USA, 1965, pp. 1022-1030.
R Core Team (2021). A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria.
Rosolem, C. A., Sgariboldi, T., Garcia, R. A. and Calonego, J. C. (2010). Potassium leaching as affected by soil texture and residual fertilization in tropical soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41:1934-1943.
Saito, H., Seki, K. and Šimůnek, J. (2009). An alternative deterministic method for the spatial interpolation of water retention parameters. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 13:453-465.
Samrit, B., Kheoruenromne, I., Suddhiprakarn, A. and Swasdiphanich, S. (2008). Properties and fertility capability of highland soils in Khao Kho area, Phetchabun province, Thailand Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 41:153-167.
Sukanlaya, C., Jefferson Metz, F. and Rambo, A. T. (2014). Agriculture in the mountains of Northeastern Thailand: current situation and prospects for development. Mountain Research and Development, 34:95-106.
Sun, L., Zhou, J. L. and Cai, Q. (2020). Impacts of soil properties on flow velocity under rainfall events: Evidence from soils across the Loess Plateau. CATENA, 194:104704.
Thomas, G. W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. In: Sparks D. L., Page A. L., Helmke P. A., Loeppert R.H., Soltanpour P. N., Tabatabai M. A., Johnston C. T. and Sumner M. E. eds. Methods of soil analysis, part 3: chemical methods. John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, USA, pp.475-490.
Trébuil, G., Ekasingh, B. and Ekasingh, M. (2006). Agricultural commercialisation, diversification, and conservation of renewable resources in Northern Thailand highlands. Moussons, 131-155.
Tsui, C. C., Chen, Z. S. and Hsieh, C. F. (2004). Relationships between soil properties and slope position in a lowland rain forest of southern Taiwan. Geoderma, 123:131-142.
Van Bemmelen, J. (1890). Ueber die Bestimmung des Wassers, des Humus, des Schwefels, der in den kolloidalen Silikaten gebundenen Kieselsäure, und des Mangans, im Ackerboden. Landwirtsch Versuchsstat, 37:279-290.
Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37.
Warrick, A. W. and Nielsen, D. R. (1980). Spatial variability of soil physical properties in the field. In Hillel D. ed. Applications of soil physics. Academic Press, New York, USA, 1980, pp.319-344.
Weil, R. and Brady, N. (2016). The nature and properties of soils. 15th edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey, USA.
Wicharuck, S., Khongdee, N., Mawan, N. and Stahr, K. (2023). Soil erosion assessment under different land use types using modified Gerlach trough in North-Western Thailand Highland. Soil Science Annual, 74:1-9.
Wilcke, W. (2000). Small-scale variability of metal concentrations in soil leachates. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64:138-143.
Wilding, L. P. (1985). Spatial variability: its documentation, accommodation, and implication to soil surveys. In Nielsen D. R. and Bouma J. eds. Soil spatial variability, Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp.166-194.
Wu, W., Li, Y., Yan, M., Yang, L., Lei, J. and Liu, H. B. (2021). Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties. PLoS One, 16:e0254928.
Wubie, M. A. and Assen, M. (2020). Effects of land cover changes and slope gradient on soil quality in the Gumara watershed, Lake Tana basin of North–West Ethiopia. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6:85-97.
Yalcin, A. (2007). The effects of clay on landslides: A case study. Applied Clay Science, 38:77-85.
Zhang, Z., Yin, H., Chang, J. and Xue, J. (2022). Spatial variability of surface soil water content and its influencing factors on shady and sunny slopes of an alpine meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Global Ecology and Conservation, 34:e02035.
Zhou, Y., Zhang, Z., Rao, J. and Chen, B. (2022). Predicting and mapping soil magnetic susceptibility in an agro-pastoral transitional zone: Influencing factors and implications. Soil Tillage Research, 219:105352.
