Plant biotic and abiotic stresses combinations and their management: Review article
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Abstract
Studying the environmental pressures that affect plant production needs to be prioritized since climate change is the main obstacles to agricultural productivity. There are two types of environmental stresses that affect plants: biotic and abiotic stresses. Both stresses from biotic as pathogens and abiotic as temperature, UV rays, salinity, floods, droughts, heavy metals, etc. reduced the morphological characteristics and yield of the plant. Abiotic stressors can change plant-pest interactions by making the host plant more vulnerable to pathogenic organisms, and weeds, as well as by lowering its capacity to compete with them. The opposite is also true; certain pests may change how plants react to abiotic stressors. The impact of concurrent abiotic and biotic stresses conditions on crop yield is therefore crucially understood through systematic investigations. Additionally, when several stressors occur at once, the effects on plants are highly complicated since they are influenced by a variety of signalling pathways, some of which are antagonistic and may even work against one another. Plants have created a multitude of coping mechanisms to deal with these challenges. Many studies have been conducted to identify and interpret plant assimilate partitioning and stress-tolerant plant genotype, which are critical for understanding the intricacy of a plant's response to biotic and abiotic stressors. In addition, a number of studies have demonstrated that plant nutrition, silicon, microorganisms, microbiome, and plant growth regulators all contribute to increased plant growth, phytohormone synthesis, and the expression of genes linked to the dehydration response and antioxidants—all of which can enhance biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Utilizing nanoscale goods like nanofertilizer, nanofungicides, nanoherbicides, and nanopesticides. One such innovative technique to increase agricultural output under various biotic and abiotic stress situations is nanotechnology. This review covers a wide range of subjects related to biotic and abiotic stress reactions in plants with a focus on problems and their management.
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