Sustainable waste valorization of Cassia fistula residues for biomass pellet production
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Abstract
This study focused on converting Cassia fistula residues into biofuel pellets as a low-cost biomass energy source. The study pelletized six biomass combinations, including dried leaves, dried branches, and green leaves. All blends achieved a bulk density above 600 kg m-3 and a moisture content below 10%. Blend 1 (100% dried branches) was the most suitable biofuel pellet, with a calorific value of 4,364 ± 41.53 cal kg-1, low ash content (4.96 ± 0.28%), and a steady burning rate. In addition, biochemical extractives in green leaves contributed to increasing the heating value; moreover, lignocellulosic biomass enhanced bulk density by acting as a natural binder. The economic feasibility assessment indicated a payback period of 4 years and 8 months, with a positive net present value, confirming the viability of Cassia fistula biomass pellet production. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Cassia fistula residues for waste valorization, bioenergy production, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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