Antimicrobial efficacy of crude leaf extracts from Azadirachta indica and Azadirachta excelsa against Staphylococcus aureus: a natural alternative for dairy goat mastitis
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Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in the livestock industry, particularly in dairy goats, has led to a severe problem of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), causing massive economic losses. This global health crisis underscores the urgent need for effective and sustainable natural alternatives. This research aimed to: 1) compare the efficacy of different solvents in extracting active compounds against Staphylococcus aureus from Indian neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and Siamese neem (Azadirachta excelsa) leaves, and 2) determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against pathogenic S. aureus isolates from dairy goats. Crude leaf extracts from both plant species were prepared using three different solvents: ethanol (C2H5OH), hexane(C6H14), and distilled water (H2O). The anti-S. aureus activity against isolates from goats with mastitis was evaluated using the Agar Well Diffusion technique to measure the Inhibition Zones (IZ), and the Broth Microdilution technique to determine the MICs and MBCs. The results demonstrated that the crude leaf extract of A. excelsa extracted with ethanol exhibited the best antibacterial activity, yielding the widest average IZ of 2.45 ± pm 0.42 mm. The MIC values for crude extracts from both species prepared with ethanol and distilled water were 7.81 mg/ml, while the hexane extracts showed higher MICs (A. indica at 31.25 mg/ml and A. excelsa at 15.63 mg/ml). Nonetheless, crude leaf extracts from both neem species, regardless of the solvent used, significantly inhibited the growth of S. aureus. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference (P< 0.05) in MIC and MBC values between the neem species and the type of solvent employed. This study confirms the concentration-dependent efficacy of crude leaf extracts from both neem species against S. aureus. The findings indicate that these natural compounds have the potential to be developed as alternatives to antibiotics for controlling pathogenic bacterial infections in livestock, particularly mastitis in dairy goats.
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