Comparison of the Dyeing Efficiency of Banana Sap (Musa sapientum L.) and Copper Sulfate Mordants in Dyeing Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on Cotton Fabrics

Abstract

This study investigates the dyeing efficiency of two mordants: Musa sapientum L. sap (a natural mordant) and copper sulfate (a synthetic mordant) using red-flesh dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) dye extract on cotton fabric. The study compares two dyeing approaches: mordanting before dyeing and mordanting after dyeing. Four solvents with different polarity-distilled water, 1% citric acid, 1% sodium hydroxide and 80% methanol were used for dye extraction. Polar protic solvents such as methanol showed higher efficiency in dissolving betalain pigments. The performance was evaluated based on color intensity (L*, a*, b*) and washing fastness. Results revealed that 80% methanol was the most effective solvent, producing vibrant color. Pre-mordanting with copper sulfate yielded the highest color intensity and fastness. Although banana sap produced slightly lower durability, it remains an environmentally friendly alternative. This research highlights the potential of both mordant types in sustainable dyeing applications.